scholarly journals The Candidate Photoperiod Gene MtFE Promotes Growth and Flowering in Medicago truncatula

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Thomson ◽  
Lulu Zhang ◽  
Jiangqi Wen ◽  
Kirankumar S. Mysore ◽  
Joanna Putterill
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Nuclear Factor Y ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Two Hybrid

Flowering time influences the yield and productivity of legume crops. Medicago truncatula is a reference temperate legume that, like the winter annual Arabidopsis thaliana, shows accelerated flowering in response to vernalization (extended cold) and long-day (LD) photoperiods (VLD). However, unlike A. thaliana, M. truncatula appears to lack functional homologs of core flowering time regulators CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) which act upstream of the mobile florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Medicago truncatula has three LD-induced FT-like genes (MtFTa1, MtFTb1, and MtFTb2) with MtFTa1 promoting M. truncatula flowering in response to VLD. Another photoperiodic regulator in A. thaliana, FE, acts to induce FT expression. It also regulates the FT transport pathway and is required for phloem development. Our study identifies a M. truncatula FE homolog Medtr6g444980 (MtFE) which complements the late flowering fe-1 mutant when expressed from the phloem-specific SUCROSE-PROTON SYMPORTER 2 (SUC2) promoter. Analysis of two M. truncatula Tnt1 insertional mutants indicate that MtFE promotes flowering in LD and VLD and growth in all conditions tested. Expression of MtFTa1, MtFTb1, and MtFTb2 are reduced in Mtfe mutant (NF5076), correlating with its delayed flowering. The NF5076 mutant plants are much smaller than wild type indicating that MtFE is important for normal plant growth. The second mutant (NF18291) displays seedling lethality, like strong fe mutants. We searched for mutants in MtFTb1 and MtFTb2 identifying a Mtftb2 knock out Tnt1 mutant (NF20803). However, it did not flower significantly later than wild type. Previously, yeast-two-hybrid assays (Y2H) suggested that Arabidopsis FE interacted with CO and NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y)-like proteins to regulate FT. We found that MtFE interacts with CO and also M. truncatula NF-Y-like proteins in Y2H experiments. Our study indicates that despite the apparent absence of a functional MtCO-like gene, M. truncatula FE likely influences photoperiodic FT expression and flowering time in M. truncatula via a partially conserved mechanism with A. thaliana.

scholarly journals Interaction Between Induced and Natural Variation at oil yellow1 Delays Reproductive Maturity in Maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 797-810
Author(s):  
Rajdeep S. Khangura ◽  
Bala P. Venkata ◽  
Sandeep R. Marla ◽  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Singha Dhungana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Magnesium Chelatase ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Mapping Populations ◽  
Expression Polymorphism

We previously demonstrated that maize (Zea mays) locus very oil yellow1 (vey1) encodes a putative cis-regulatory expression polymorphism at the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene (aka oil yellow1) that strongly modifies the chlorophyll content of the semi-dominant Oy1-N1989 mutants. The vey1 allele of Mo17 inbred line reduces chlorophyll content in the mutants leading to reduced photosynthetic output. Oy1-N1989 mutants in B73 reached reproductive maturity four days later than wild-type siblings. Enhancement of Oy1-N1989 by the Mo17 allele at the vey1 QTL delayed maturity further, resulting in detection of a flowering time QTL in two bi-parental mapping populations crossed to Oy1-N1989. The near isogenic lines of B73 harboring the vey1 allele from Mo17 delayed flowering of Oy1-N1989 mutants by twelve days. Just as previously observed for chlorophyll content, vey1 had no effect on reproductive maturity in the absence of the Oy1-N1989 allele. Loss of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Oy1-N1989 mutants and enhancement by vey1 reduced CO2 assimilation. We attempted to separate the effects of photosynthesis on the induction of flowering from a possible impact of chlorophyll metabolites and retrograde signaling by manually reducing leaf area. Removal of leaves, independent of the Oy1-N1989 mutant, delayed flowering but surprisingly reduced chlorophyll contents of emerging leaves. Thus, defoliation did not completely separate the identity of the signal(s) that regulates flowering time from changes in chlorophyll content in the foliage. These findings illustrate the necessity to explore the linkage between metabolism and the mechanisms that connect it to flowering time regulation.

scholarly journals FLOWERING LOCUS T4 delays flowering and decreases floret fertility in barley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pieper ◽  
Filipa Tomé ◽  
Artem Pankin ◽  
Maria von Korff
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Photoperiodic Regulation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Flowering Time Control

Abstract FLOWERING LOCUS T-like (FT-like) genes control the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in many angiosperm plants. The family of FT-like genes is characterized by extensive gene duplication and subsequent diversification of FT functions which occurred independently in modern angiosperm lineages. In barley, there are 12 known FT-like genes (HvFT), but the function of most of them remains uncharacterized. This study aimed to characterize the role of HvFT4 in flowering time control and development in barley. The overexpression of HvFT4 in the spring cultivar Golden Promise delayed flowering time under long-day conditions. Microscopic dissection of the shoot apical meristem revealed that overexpression of HvFT4 specifically delayed spikelet initiation and reduced the number of spikelet primordia and grains per spike. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of HvFT4 was associated with floret abortion and with the down-regulation of the barley MADS-box genes VRN-H1, HvBM3, and HvBM8 which promote floral development. This suggests that HvFT4 functions as a repressor of reproductive development in barley. Unraveling the genetic basis of FT-like genes can contribute to the identification of novel breeding targets to modify reproductive development and thereby spike morphology and grain yield.

scholarly journals PRMT6 physically associates with nuclear factor Y to regulate photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingxian Zhang ◽  
Xiulan Li ◽  
Yifan Wang ◽  
Weijun Guo ◽  
Sadaruddin Chachar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Arginine Methylation ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Protein Arginine Methyltransferases ◽  
Nuclear Factor Y ◽  
Photoperiodic Flowering ◽  
Nuclear Factors ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Flowering Locus

AbstractThe timing of floral transition is critical for reproductive success in flowering plants. In long-day (LD) plant Arabidopsis, the floral regulator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a major component of the mobile florigen. FT expression is rhythmically activated by CONSTANS (CO), and specifically accumulated at dusk of LDs. However, the underlying mechanism of adequate regulation of FT transcription in response to day-length cues to warrant flowering time still remains to be investigated. Here, we identify a homolog of human protein arginine methyltransferases 6 (HsPRMT6) in Arabidopsis, and confirm AtPRMT6 physically interacts with three positive regulators of flowering Nuclear Factors YC3 (NF-YC3), NF-YC9, and NF-YB3. Further investigations find that AtPRMT6 and its encoding protein accumulate at dusk of LDs. PRMT6-mediated H3R2me2a modification enhances the promotion of NF-YCs on FT transcription in response to inductive LD signals. Moreover, AtPRMT6 and its homologues proteins AtPRMT4a and AtPRMT4b coordinately inhibit the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C, a suppressor of FT. Taken together, our study reveals the role of arginine methylation in photoperiodic pathway and how the PRMT6-mediating H3R2me2a system interacts with NF-CO module to dynamically control FT expression and facilitate flowering time.

scholarly journals Isolation and Functional Analysis of Flowering Locus T in Tree Peonies (PsFT)

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhou ◽  
Fang-Yun Cheng ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Chaoying He
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Ornamental Shrub

Arabidopsis thaliana Flowering locus T (FT) homologs have been shown to be sufficient to trigger flowering and to regulate flowering time in a wide range of plants. However, such a homologue for the perennial ornamental shrub tree peony has not yet been characterized. In this study, we isolated PsFT, which is a closely related FT homolog from reblooming [Paeonia ×lemoinei ‘High Noon’ (HN)] and nonreblooming [P. ×suffruticosa ‘Luo Yang Hong’ (LYH)] cultivars of tree peonies, and identified its potential role in the regulation of flowering time. The PsFT alleles from the two cultivars encode the same protein, which indicates that the polymorphisms observed in the coding region do not contribute to the distinct flowering phenotypes of HN and LYH. Comparative analyses of the PsFT expression patterns in HN and LYH indicated that PsFT might be associated with reblooming. Transgenic A. thaliana plants ectopically expressing PsFT exhibited a phenotype that included significantly early flowering compared with the wild-type (WT) plants. Taken together, our data provide valuable clues for shortening the juvenile periods and extending the flowering periods of perennial woody plants, such as tree peonies.

scholarly journals Interaction between induced and natural variation atoil yellow1delays reproductive maturity in maize

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajdeep S. Khangura ◽  
Bala P. Venkata ◽  
Sandeep R. Marla ◽  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Singha Dhungana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Magnesium Chelatase ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Mapping Populations ◽  
Expression Polymorphism

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that maize (Zea mays) locusvery oil yellow1 (vey1)encodes a putative cis-regulatory expression polymorphism at the magnesium chelatase subunit I gene (akaoil yellow1) that strongly modifies the chlorophyll content of the semi-dominantOy1-N1989mutants. Thevey1allele of Mo17 inbred line reduces chlorophyll content in the mutants leading to reduced photosynthetic output.Oy1-N1989mutants in B73 reached reproductive maturity four days later than wild-type siblings. Enhancement ofOy1-N1989by the Mo17 allele at thevey1QTL delayed maturity further, resulting in detection of a flowering time QTL in two bi-parental mapping populations crossed toOy1-N1989. The near isogenic lines of B73 harboring thevey1allele from Mo17 delayed flowering ofOy1-N1989mutants by twelve days. Just as previously observed for chlorophyll content,vey1had no effect on reproductive maturity in the absence of theOy1-N1989allele. Loss of chlorophyll biosynthesis inOy1-N1989mutants and enhancement byvey1reduced CO2assimilation. We attempted to separate the effects of photosynthesis on the induction of flowering from a possible impact of chlorophyll metabolites and retrograde signaling by manually reducing leaf area. Removal of leaves, independent of theOy1-N1989mutant, delayed flowering but surprisingly reduced chlorophyll contents of emerging leaves. Thus, defoliation did not completely separate the identity of the signal(s) that regulates flowering time from changes in chlorophyll content in the foliage. These findings illustrate the necessity to explore the linkage between metabolism and the mechanisms that connect it to flowering time regulation.

scholarly journals EjFRI, FRIGIDA (FRI) Ortholog from Eriobotrya japonica, Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087
Author(s):  
Weiwei Chen ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
Min Shi ◽  
Yan Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Delayed Flowering

In the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, FRIGIDA (FRI) is a key regulator of flowering time and can inhibit flowering without vernalization. However, little information is available on the function in the Rosaceae family. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) belongs to the family Rosaceae and is a distinctive species, in which flowering can be induced without vernalization, followed by blooming in late-autumn or winter. To investigate the functional roles of FRI orthologs in this non-vernalization species, we isolated an FRI ortholog, dubbed as EjFRI, from loquat. Analyses of the phylogenetic tree and protein sequence alignment showed that EjFRI is assigned to eurosids I FRI lineage. Expression analysis revealed that the highest expression level of EjFRI was after flower initiation. Meanwhile, EjFRI was widely expressed in different tissues. Subcellular localization of EjFRI was only detected to be in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of EjFRI in wild-type Arabidopsis delayed flowering time. The expression levels of EjFRI in transgenic wild-type Arabidopsis were significantly higher than those of nontransgenic wild-type lines. However, the expression levels of AtFRI showed no significant difference between transgenic and nontransgenic wild-type lines. Furthermore, the upregulated AtFLC expression in the transgenic lines indicated that EjFRI functioned similarly to the AtFRI of the model plant Arabidopsis. Our study provides a foundation to further explore the characterization of EjFRI, and also contributes to illuminating the molecular mechanism about flowering in loquat.

scholarly journals FLOWERING LOCUS T4 (HvFT4) delays flowering and decreases floret fertility in barley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pieper ◽  
Filipa Tomé ◽  
Maria von Korff
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Photoperiodic Regulation ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Flowering Time Control

AbstractFLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes (FT-like) control the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in many angiosperm plants. The family of FT-like genes is characterised by extensive gene duplication and subsequent diversification of FT functions which occurred independently in modern angiosperm lineages. In barley, there are 12 known FT-like genes (HvFT) but the function of most of them remains uncharacterised. This study aimed to characterise the role of HvFT4 in flowering time control and development in barley. The overexpression of HvFT4 in the spring cultivar Golden Promise delayed flowering time under long-day conditions. Microscopic dissection of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) revealed that overexpression of HvFT4 specifically delayed spikelet initiation and reduced the number of spikelet primordia and grains per spike. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of HvFT4 was associated with floret abortion and with the downregulation of the barley MADS-box genes VRN-H1, HvBM3 and HvBM8 which promote floral development. This suggests that HvFT4 functions as a repressor of reproductive development in barley. Unraveling the genetic basis of FT-like genes can contribute to the identification of novel breeding targets to modify reproductive development and thereby spike morphology and grain yield.HighlightWe identify the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene HvFT4 as a negative regulator of reproductive development, spikelet initiation, floret fertility and grain number in barley.

scholarly journals Expression of a NGATHA1 Gene from Medicago truncatula Delays Flowering Time and Enhances Stress Tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2384
Author(s):  
Tao Guo ◽  
Shumin Wang ◽  
Yinruizhi Li ◽  
Jianbo Yuan ◽  
Lixin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Plant Expression Vector ◽  
Lateral Organ ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Shoot branching is one of the most variable determinants of crop yield, and the signaling pathways of plant branches have become a hot research topic. As an important transcription factor in the B3 family, NGATHA1 (NGA1), plays an important role in regulating plant lateral organ development and hormone synthesis and transport, but few studies of the role of this gene in the regulation of plant growth and stress tolerance have been reported. In this study, the NGA1 gene was isolated from Medicago truncatula (Mt) and its function was characterized. The cis-acting elements upstream of the 5′ end of MtNGA1 and the expression pattern of MtNGA1 were analyzed, and the results indicated that the gene may act as a regulator of stress resistance. A plant expression vector was constructed and transgenic Arabidopsis plants were obtained. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed delayed flowering time and reduced branching phenotypes. Genes involved in the regulation of branching and flowering were differentially expressed in transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants demonstrated strong tolerances to salt- and mannitol-induced stresses, which may be due to the upregulated expression of NCED3 (NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3) by the MtNGA1 gene. These results provide useful information for the exploration and genetic modification use of MtNGA1 in the future.

Functional characterization of the H+/K+ ATPase in wild type and gastrin knock-out mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Schnur ◽  
P Hegyi ◽  
V Venglovecz ◽  
Z Rakonczay ◽  
I Ignáth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Knock Out Mice
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