scholarly journals Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Gene Expression Precedes Lignin Accumulation During Shoot Development in Lowland and Upland Switchgrass Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Saha ◽  
Fan Lin ◽  
Sandra Thibivilliers ◽  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Chongle Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Cell Wall Digestibility ◽  
Gini Correlation ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

Efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels is influenced by biomass composition and structure. Lignin and other cell wall phenylpropanoids, such as para-coumaric acid (pCA) and ferulic acid (FA), reduce cell wall sugar accessibility and hamper biochemical fuel production. Toward identifying the timing and key parameters of cell wall recalcitrance across different switchgrass genotypes, this study measured cell wall composition and lignin biosynthesis gene expression in three switchgrass genotypes, A4 and AP13, representing the lowland ecotype, and VS16, representing the upland ecotype, at three developmental stages [Vegetative 3 (V3), Elongation 4 (E4), and Reproductive 3 (R3)] and three segments (S1–S3) of the E4 stage under greenhouse conditions. A decrease in cell wall digestibility and an increase in phenylpropanoids occur across development. Compared with AP13 and A4, VS16 has significantly less lignin and greater cell wall digestibility at the V3 and E4 stages; however, differences among genotypes diminish by the R3 stage. Gini correlation analysis across all genotypes revealed that lignin and pCA, but also pectin monosaccharide components, show the greatest negative correlations with digestibility. Lignin and pCA accumulation is delayed compared with expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, while FA accumulation coincides with expression of these genes. The different cell wall component accumulation profiles and gene expression correlations may have implications for system biology approaches to identify additional gene products with cell wall component synthesis and regulation functions.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Composition and Candidate Biosynthesis Gene Expression During Rice Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2058-2075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Lin ◽  
Chithra Manisseri ◽  
Alexandra Fagerström ◽  
Matthew L. Peck ◽  
Miguel E. Vega-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of three Agave fiber-producing cultivars suitable for biochemicals and biofuels production in semiarid regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Trigo Raya ◽  
Marina Pupke Marone ◽  
Lucas Miguel Carvalho ◽  
Sarita Candida Rabelo ◽  
Maiki Soares de Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
List Type ◽  
Semiarid Regions ◽  
G Ratio

ABSTRACTAgaves, which have been grown commercially for fiber or alcoholic beverages, are emerging as a candidate crop for biochemicals and biofuels production in semiarid regions because of their high productivity in low rainfall areas, drought tolerance, and low lignin content.In this work, we present the transcriptomic atlas of Agave sisalana, Agave fourcroydes, and agave hybrid 11648 (A. amaniensis x A. angustifolia) under prolonged drought in field conditions. Leaf, stem, and root tissues were sequenced, and gene expression profiles were correlated with biomass composition, enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall carbohydrates, histochemical analysis, and non-structural carbohydrates content.Differences in biomass accessibility were attributed to either lignin content or lignin composition, possibly through modification of s/g ratio promoted by changes in Caffeic Acid 3-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) transcript abundance. Unlike most plants, the most highly expressed transcripts do not encode photosynthetic proteins, but rather involved in stress response. Although the three cultivars presented quantitative differences in global gene expression, they activated a highly overlapping set of genes. The main molecular strategies employed by agave to cope with high-temperature and drought seem to consist in overexpressing HSP and LEA, as well as promoting raffinose accumulation as an osmolyte.In conclusion, our data provide vital new genetic information for the study of Agave species and provide new insights into cell wall architecture, recalcitrance, and resistance to abiotic stresses for these species.

Transcriptome profiling reveals the mechanism of ripening and epidermal senescence in passion (Passiflora edulia Sims) fruit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changbao Li ◽  
Ming Xin ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Xuemei He ◽  
Guomin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

AbstractPassion fruit (Passiflora edulia Sims), an important tropical and sub-tropical species, is classified as a respiration climacteric fruit, the quality deteriorates rapidly after harvest. To reveal the mechanisms involved in ripening and rapidly fruit senescence, the phytochemical characteristics and RNA sequencing were conducted in the purple passion fruits with different (1-MCP and PF) treatment. Comprehensive functional annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis were involved in fruit ripening. Applying with PF and 1-MCP significantly affected transcript levels of passion fruit after harvest storage. A large number of differently expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified significantly enrichen in starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis at postharvest stage. The preservative film (PF) and 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) gene expression and enzyme activities, accelerated the lignin accumulation, decline β-galactosidase (β-Gal), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulose activities and gene expression to delay cell wall degradation during fruit senescence. The RNA sequencing data of cell wall metabolism and hormone signal transduction pathway related unigenes were verified by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that the cell wall metabolism and hormone signal pathways were notably related to passion fruit ripening. PF and 1-MCP treatment might inhibited ethylene signaling and regulated cell wall metabolism pathways to inhibited cell wall degradation. Our results reveal ripening and senescence related networks during passion fruit ripening, which can provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PF and 1-MCP treatment on fruit ripening.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics of stem bark reveals genes associated with bast fiber development in Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud (ramie)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyong Xie ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Yucheng Jie ◽  
Deyu Xie ◽  
Di Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Bast Fiber ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea

Abstract Background: Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud (Ramie) produces one of the longest natural fibers in nature. The bark of ramie mainly comprises of the phloem tissue of stem and is the raw material for fiber. Therefore, identifying the molecular regulation of phloem development is important for understanding of bast fiber biosynthesis and improvement of fiber quality in ramie. Results: In this study, we collected top bud (TB), bark from internode elongating region (ER) and bark from internode fully elongated region (FER) from the ramie variety Zhongzhu No. 1. Histological study indicated that these samples contain phloem tissues at different developmental and maturation stages, with a higher degree of maturation of phloem tissue in FER. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these three samples. The de novo transcriptome was assembled and unigenes were identified. The DEGs among TB, ER and FER were analyzed, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) studies revealed clear differences in gene expression between ER and FER. Some unigenes for secondary cell wall biosynthesis were up-regulated in both ER and FER, while unigenes for some cell wall components or cell wall modifications showed differential expression between ER and FER. In addition, ethylene activating pathway and gibberellins biosynthesis showed distinct regulation and coincided with the developmental stages of the samples. Conclusions: Both morphological study and gene expression analysis supported a burst of phloem and vascular developmental processes during the fiber maturation in the ramie stem, and the phytohormon ethylene and gibberellin are likely to be involved in this process. Our findings provide novel insights into the phloem development and fiber maturation in ramie, which could be useful for fiber improvement in ramie and other fiber crops.

scholarly journals Cell wall composition and lignin biosynthetic gene expression along a developmental gradient in an Australian sugarcane cultivar

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4141 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Bewg ◽  
Heather D. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Composition ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Sugarcane Cultivar ◽  
Developmental Gradient ◽  
Compositional Patterns

Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant source of lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production. Utilisation of bagasse for biofuel production would be environmentally and economically beneficial, but the recalcitrance of lignin continues to provide a challenge. Further understanding of lignin production in specific cultivars will provide a basis for modification of genomes for the production of phenotypes with improved processing characteristics. Here we evaluated the expression profile of lignin biosynthetic genes and the cell wall composition along a developmental gradient in KQ228 sugarcane. The expression levels of nine lignin biosynthesis genes were quantified in five stem sections of increasing maturity and in root tissue. Two distinct expression patterns were seen. The first saw highest gene expression in the youngest tissue, with expression decreasing as tissue matured. The second pattern saw little to no change in transcription levels across the developmental gradient. Cell wall compositional analysis of the stem sections showed total lignin content to be significantly higher in more mature tissue than in the youngest section assessed. There were no changes in structural carbohydrates across developmental sections. These gene expression and cell wall compositional patterns can be used, along with other work in grasses, to inform biotechnological approaches to crop improvement for lignocellulosic biofuel production.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics of stem bark reveals genes associated with bast fiber development in Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud (ramie)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyong Xie ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Yucheng Jie ◽  
Deyu Xie ◽  
Di Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Bast Fiber ◽  
Boehmeria Nivea

Abstract Background: Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud (Ramie) produces one of the longest natural fibers in nature. The bark of ramie mainly comprises of the phloem tissue of stem and is the raw material for fiber. Therefore, identifying the molecular regulation of phloem development is important for understanding of bast fiber biosynthesis and improvement of fiber quality in ramie.Results: In this study, we collected top bud (TB), bark from internode elongating region (ER) and bark from internode fully elongated region (FER) from the ramie variety Zhongzhu No. 1. Histological study indicated that these samples contain phloem tissues at different developmental and maturation stages, with a higher degree of maturation of phloem tissue in FER. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in these three samples. The de novo transcriptome was assembled and unigenes were identified. The DEGs among TB, ER and FER were analyzed, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) studies revealed clear differences in gene expression between ER and FER. Some unigenes for secondary cell wall biosynthesis were up-regulated in both ER and FER, while unigenes for some cell wall components or cell wall modifications showed differential expression between ER and FER. In addition, ethylene activating pathway and gibberellins biosynthesis showed distinct regulation and coincided with the developmental stages of the samples. Conclusions: Both morphological study and gene expression analysis supported a burst of phloem and vascular developmental processes during the fiber maturation in the ramie stem, and the phytohormon ethylene and gibberellin are likely to be involved in this process. Our findings provide novel insights into the phloem development and fiber maturation in ramie, which could be useful for fiber improvement in ramie and other fiber crops.

Molecular Structure of the Outermost Cell Wall Component of Spirillum Serpens

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
Wah Chiu ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Exposure Technique ◽  
Structural Aspects

The periodic structure external to the outer membrane of Spirillum serpens VHA has been isolated by similar procedures to those used by Buckmire and Murray (1). From SDS gel electrophoresis, we have found that the isolated fragments contain several protein components, and that the crystalline structure is composed of a glycoprotein component with a molecular weight of ∽ 140,000 daltons (2). Under an electron microscopic examination, we have visualized the hexagonally-packed glycoprotein subunits, as well as the bilayer profile of the outer membrane. In this paper, we will discuss some structural aspects of the crystalline glycoproteins, based on computer-reconstructed images of the external cell wall fragments.The specimens were prepared for electron microscopy in two ways: negatively stained with 1% PTA, and maintained in a frozen-hydrated state (3). The micrographs were taken with a JEM-100B electron microscope with a field emission gun. The minimum exposure technique was essential for imaging the frozen- hydrated specimens.

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