scholarly journals Management After Windstorm Affects the Composition of Ectomycorrhizal Symbionts of Regenerating Trees but Not Their Mycorrhizal Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Veselá ◽  
Martina Vašutová ◽  
Magda Edwards-Jonášová ◽  
Filip Holub ◽  
Peter Fleischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
European Larch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mycorrhizal Networks ◽  
Ecm Fungi

Due to ongoing climate change, forests are expected to face significant disturbances more frequently than in the past. Appropriate management is intended to facilitate forest regeneration. Because European temperate forests mostly consist of trees associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, understanding their role in these disturbances is important to develop strategies to minimize their consequences and effectively restore forests. Our aim was to determine how traditional (EXT) and nonintervention (NEX) management in originally Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests with an admixture of European larch (Larix decidua) affect ECM fungal communities and the potential to interconnect different tree species via ECM networks 15 years after a windstorm. Ten plots in NEX and 10 plots in EXT with the co-occurrences of Norway spruce, European larch, and silver birch (Betula pendula) were selected, and a total of 57 ECM taxa were identified using ITS sequencing from ECM root tips. In both treatments, five ECM species associated with all the studied tree species dominated, with a total abundance of approximately 50% in the examined root samples. Because there were no significant differences between treatments in the number of ECM species associated with different tree species combinations in individual plots, we concluded that the management type did not have a significant effect on networking. However, management significantly affected the compositions of ECM symbionts of Norway spruce and European larch but not those of silver birch. Although this result is explained by the occurrence of seedlings and ECM propagules that were present in the original forest, the consequences are difficult to assess without knowledge of the ecology of different ECM symbionts.

scholarly journals Ways to use silver birch Betula pendula Roth regeneration in sites considered for stand conversion due to decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in the Silesian Beskid Mountains

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-237
Author(s):  
Sławomir Ambroży ◽  
Tadeusz Zachara ◽  
Mariusz Kapsa ◽  
Elżbieta Chomicz-Zegar ◽  
Ruslan Vytseha
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Abstract One of the tree species appearing after a decline of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. in the Silesian Beskid Mountains is Silver Birch Betula pendula Roth. Therefore our study was aimed at evaluating this birch regeneration and the dynamics of changes resulting from experimental cutting. Measurements and inventories of trees were conducted on research plots located in a ten-year old birch regeneration site with either no cutting, partial cutting (50%) or clear cutting (100%) of birch. We observed an introduction of biocenotic species (rowan, willow, aspen) as well as the target species (spruce, fir, beech) under the birch canopy. Fir and beech were also planted, because of their slow natural regeneration. The clear cut treatment caused a great number of sprouts growing from birch stumps, reaching a height of about 2 m over 3 years, resulting in competition with the regeneration of other species. Partial cutting did not cause such a drastic amount of sprouting. Furthermore, we found that only the spruce height increment is significantly less under a birch canopy compared to open space. The obtained results indicate a necessity to adjust the density and species composition of regenerating tree species under a birch canopy, avoiding complete removal of the first generation birch cover and the need to moderately thin out birch.

Shooting the messenger: Identifying the mycorrhizal species transferring carbon between neighboring trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stav Livne- Luzon ◽  
Rotem Cahanovitc ◽  
Tamir Klein
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Networks ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Control Resource

<p>EMF play an important role in forests around the globe, by improving tree nutrition and water supply, as well as connecting different tree species through common mycorrhizal networks (CMN's). However, the extent to which EMF control resource sharing within these networks has not yet been thoroughly addressed. We constructed a simple network of tree-fungus-tree and monitored carbon flow from a <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> labeled donor tree to the final recipient.  DNA Stable Isotope Probing (DNA-SIP) of ectomycorrhizal root tips was used to identify the main fungal symbionts involved in carbon transfer among trees. We used pairs of inter and intra-specie Pinus halepensis and Quercus calliprinos saplings, and examined the carbon dynamics for 40 days within the leaf, stem and root tissues. The peak of <sup>13</sup>C in the roots of the donor trees was around day 4 post labeling, while the recipient roots peaked at day 9 with observed differences between pairs. The intrinsic tree carbon pool, and not the tree species identity, was the main factor governing carbon transfer between trees. Finally, we were able to identify the main fungal symbionts enriched with <sup>13</sup>C. Our results add the "missing piece of the puzzle" by linking specific mycorrhizal species to carbon transfer within CMN's.</p>

Do decomposing Scots pine, Norway spruce, and silver birch stems retain nitrogen?

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 3047-3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo Palviainen ◽  
Raija Laiho ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Leena Finér
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
N Pool

The contents of nitrogen (N) have generally been observed to increase in the early stages of decomposition in coarse woody debris and then to decrease slowly. This is potentially an important mechanism of nutrient retention in ecosystems after disturbances. We studied N dynamics in decomposing Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and silver birch ( Betula pendula Roth.) stems in Finland. The oldest stems had decomposed for 34 (spruce and birch) or 45 (pine) years. Concentrations of N in both fallen logs and standing snags increased and C/N ratios decreased with time, and birch had significantly higher N concentrations and lower C/N ratios than pine and spruce. Even though increased N contents were observed in some cases, N was generally already released in the early stages of decomposition and more rapidly from birch than from conifers. Based on model analysis, from 40% (pine and spruce) to 50% (birch) of initial N was released within 30 years. The results suggest that decomposing stems of especially Scots pine and Norway spruce retain N rather effectively in boreal forest ecosystems and form a long-term, small but steady N pool with a slow release rate.

scholarly journals Dynamik der Wiederbewaldung im Waldbrandgebiet von Leuk (Wallis) | Recruitment dynamics following the forest fire near Leuk (Valais)

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (11) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wohlgemuth ◽  
Christoph Hester ◽  
Anna-Regula Jost ◽  
Ulrich Wasem ◽  
Barbara Moser
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Quercus Pubescens ◽  
European Aspen

After the intensive forest fire near Leuk, in 2003 the question arose whether and how fast the forest would regenerate. To answer this question, we observed the recolonisation by plants in the 300 ha of burned area annually from 2004 to 2008, using a set of permanently installed and systematically arranged sample plots of 200 m2 (n = 151). Five years after the fire, natural regeneration of the trees at altitudes above 1,700 m attains a density of 1,760 stems/ha, wich is comparable with results found after the forest fire in Val Müstair (Graubünden) in 1983, or after windthrow “Vivian” in 1990 in the Northern Prealps. The most frequent tree species are the pioneers, namely the European aspen (Populus tremula), large-leaved willow and goat willow (Salix appendiculata and S. caprea). Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European larch (Larix decidua) are present in small numbers. Natural regeneration is smaller at middle and lower altitudes, with roughly 1,160 stems/ha at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,700 m, and 700 stems/ha below 1,300 m. Here in many places pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) regenerates itself with coppice shoots. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) regenerates only sparsely. By applying Ripley's K-function to triangle plots, we found that regeneration is significantly clumped in 79% of the plots having more than ten trees of at least 25 cm of height. Spatial aggregation often starts at very short distances between trees, and is observable both within and between species. Five years after the forest fire, we can confirm that forest will regenerate at all altitudes. The first forest phase will be bush forest.

scholarly journals Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 337-347
Author(s):  
M. Křepela ◽  
R. Petráš
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Inflection Points ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Shape

In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling&rsquo;s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation on woody roots of Norway spruce and silver birch

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raisa Mäkipää ◽  
Susanna Huhtiniemi ◽  
Janne Kaseva ◽  
Aino Smolander
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Atmospheric N Deposition ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Total N ◽  
Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

High rates of asymbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation have been measured in woody roots in temperate forests, but this rate has not been quantified in boreal forests. We studied the asymbiotic N2fixation associated with living and decomposing woody roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) in three sites in Finland. In addition, tree species effect was studied in one site that included Norway spruce and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) monocultures and mixed stands. The rate of N2fixation measured as nitrogenase activity was affected by host tree species; spruce roots were the most active (0.67 C2H4·day–1·(g dry mass)–1in spruce monocultures). The activity was not statistically different in decayed and living root samples, and moisture content did not explain the observed high variability in nitrogenase activity. In a birch–spruce mixed stand, the average N2fixation in woody roots was 0.17 kg N·ha−1·year−1, whereas in Norway spruce dominated sites, the activity ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 kg N·ha−1·year−1. The N2fixation in decaying and living woody roots is an important contributor to the long-term total N balance of the forest. However, the estimated rate of N2fixation is low compared with atmospheric N deposition.

scholarly journals Restoration of forest soils on reforested abandoned agricultural lands

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V Podrázský ◽  
I. Ulbrichová
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Adsorption Complex ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Humus Accumulation

Restoration of forest soil character after the change of agricultural land use has not been studied yet despite the large areas reforested since the late 40ies of the last century. This process takes place throughout Europe to an increasing extent at present. The reformation of forest soils was studied in the area of Česk&yacute; Rudolec town: Natural Forest Area 16 &ndash; Czech-Moravian Uplands, altitude 600&ndash;630 m a.s.l., bedrock is built of granites and gneisses, soil type is Cambisol, forest site type 5K1. The process of restoration of a new humus form was analysed in plantations of American red oak (Quercus rubra), Swedish birch (Betula pendula), European larch (Larix europea) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), the site was homogeneous. The particular tree species accumulated 12.81, 13.81, 46.57 and 44.76 t/ha of surface organic matter during the last 30&ndash;40 years, these values are typical of forest sites at lower and middle altitudes and corresponding tree species composition. The effect of broadleaved species and conifers was markedly different, in the first case pH in KCl ranged 3.8&ndash;3.9 (mineral soil) and 3.5&ndash;5.2 (holorganic horizons), being 3.5&ndash;3.8 (mineral soil) and 3.1&ndash;5.1 (holorganic layers) for the conifers. Visible effects of the particular tree species were also evident in the soil adsorption complex and in the contents of plant available and total nutrients. The results can be summarised and generalised: &ndash; the forest soil character is reformed at lower and middle altitudes in a relatively short time from the aspect of surface humus accumulation and basic soil chemistry (30&ndash;40 years), &ndash; birch exhibited the best revitalisation effect among the studied species, &ndash; American red oak and Norway spruce humus accumulation potentials were different although the soil chemistry was comparable, &ndash; Norway spruce did not show a remarkable degradation effect until now, &ndash; on the contrary, European larch appeared as a site degrading species.

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