Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Characteristics Are Related to Salt Tolerance of Suaeda salsa and Beta vulgaris L.

Halophytes are capable of resisting salinity, and their root system is the part in direct contact with the saline soil environment. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of root morphology and rhizosphere characteristics to salinity between a halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet). The soil salt content was set to four levels (0.7, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.7%) by NaCl-treated plants. We investigated the soil pH, EC, nutrients and soil, plant ion (Na+, Cl−, K+, and Mg2+) concentration to evaluate the rhizospheric processes, and salt tolerance of suaeda by the root mat method. The highest biomass was in the 1.2% salt level for suaeda and in the 0.7% salt level for sugar beet. The root length and root surface area of suaeda showed similar trends to biomass, but the root diameter decreased by 11.5–17.9% with higher salinity. The Na+, Cl−, and K+ accumulations in the shoot of suaeda displayed higher than that in sugar beet, while the Mg2+ accumulation was lower in suaeda than that in sugar beet. High salinity resulted in increased pH and EC values in the rhizosphere for suaeda, but lower values of these parameters for sugar beet. Under high salinity, the Olsen phosphorus content was 0.50 g·kg−1 and 0.99 g·kg−1 higher in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere for suaeda and sugar beet. We concluded that the two species [halophyte, Suaeda salsa (suaeda), and a glycophyte, B. vulgaris L. (sugar beet)] showed diverse approaches for nutrient absorption under salinity stress. Suaeda altered its root morphology (smaller root diameter and longer roots) under salt stress to increase the root surface area, while sugar beet activated rhizospheric processes to take up more nutrients.

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Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04098-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 629-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew B. Bertucci ◽

David H. Suchoff ◽

Katherine M. Jennings ◽

David W. Monks ◽

Christopher C. Gunter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Systems ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Diameter Class ◽

Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

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Differential Root Morphology between Metallicolous and Non-Metallicolous Populations of Rumex japonicus under Copper Stress

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.81 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

Wu Xing Huang ◽

Cong Ren ◽

Jing Qing Gao

Keyword(s):

Root Morphology ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Copper Stress ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Cu Stress ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Rumex Japonicus ◽

Two Populations

Two Rumex japonicus populations, one from copper (Cu) mine and the other from uncontaminated site, were studied for root morphology and biomass under Cu stress. Main root length and number of tips of the two populations were both significantly inhibited by Cu treatments. However, those of metallicolous population (MP) were higher than non-metallicolous population (NMP) under Cu stress. Cu treatments significantly inhibited root surface area in NMP while MP showed little difference from control. Cu treatments inhibited average root diameter and root/shoot ratio in NMP, but those in MP were significantly higher than control. Cu treatments significantly inhibited shoot biomass and root biomass in NMP. These results suggested that more assimilates allocated to root and the average root diameter increased under Cu stress to form a greater and stronger root might be partly reasons why R. japonicus can colonize the Cu enriched soils.

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Study on measurement method for apple root morphological parameters based on Labview

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-019-0535-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Ji Qian ◽

Xin Yang ◽

Bao Di ◽

Juan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Relative Error ◽

Root Length ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Volume ◽

Seedling Roots

Abstract Background Traditional measurements of apple seedling roots often rely on manual measurements and existing root scanners on the market. Manual measurement requires a lot of labor and time, and subjective reasons may cause the uncertainty of data; root scanners have limited scanning size and expensive. In case of fruit roots, coverage and occlusion issues will occur, resulting in inaccurate results, but our research solved this problem. Results The background plate was selected according to the color of the seedling roots; the image of the roots of the collected apple seedlings was preprocessed with Vision Development Module by combining image and Labview. The root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings were measured by combining root characteristic parameters algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of measurement system for root morphology of apple seedlings was designed, and the measurement result was compared with the Canadian root system WinRHIZO 2016 (Canada). With application of SPSS v22.0 analysis, the significance P > 0.01 indicated that the difference was not significant. The relative error of surface area was less than 0.5%. The relative error of the average diameter and length of the root system was less than 0.1%, and the relative error of the root volume was less than 0.2%. Conclusions It not only proved that the root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings could be accurately measured by the method described herein, which was handy in operation, but also reduced the cost by 80–90% compared with the conventional scanner.

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Determination of root properties of saplings belong to two boxwood species (Buxus sempervirens and Buxus balearica) by image processing technique

Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences ◽

10.14744/turkjfas.2021.005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

Ömer Sarı

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Image Processing Technique ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Volume ◽

Buxus Sempervirens ◽

Second Year

The study was carried out to determine the root architectural characteristics of the one-year saplings of two species of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L. and Buxus balearica Lam.), which are endangered and natural plants of Turkey, in the greenhouse environment using the WinRhizo root analysis program and scanner. Total root length (cm), root surface area (cm2), root volume (cm3), average root diameter (mm), number of tips, number of forks and number of root crossings were determined in the study. According to the results of the study, the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity values in the second year of both species were effective on the root architectural features. As a result of this effect, the second year root length (3810 cm), number of root tips (2299), number of forks (7007) and number of root crossings (696) increased, root diameter (1.4 mm), root surface area (2158 cm2) and root volume (8 cm3) decreased. As a result, it has been concluded that species can make changes in their root parameters to adapt to different conditions and their adaptability is high. In general, the best results in root architectural parameters were obtained from Buxus balearica on the basis of species.

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Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1840 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bateer Baiyin ◽

Kotaro Tagawa ◽

Mina Yamada ◽

Xinyan Wang ◽

Satoshi Yamada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Root Surface ◽

Solution Flow Rate ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Solution Flow ◽

Flow Rates

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.

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Phenotypic Diversity for Root Traits and Identification of Superior Germplasm for Root Breeding in Watermelon

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15093-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 1272-1279

Author(s):

Dennis N. Katuuramu ◽

W. Patrick Wechter ◽

Marcellus L. Washington ◽

Matthew Horry ◽

Matthew A. Cutulle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Traits ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Total Root Length ◽

Root Volume ◽

Diverse Range

Root traits are an important component for productive plant performance. Roots offer immediate absorptive surfaces for water and nutrient acquisition and are thus critical to crop growth and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, roots can provide the first line of defense against soilborne pathogens. Watermelon crop performance is often challenged by inclement weather and environmental factors. A resilient root system can support the watermelon crop’s performance across a diverse range of production conditions. In this study, 335 four-day-old watermelon (Citrullus spp.) seedlings were evaluated for total root length, average root diameter, total root surface area, and total root volume. Total root length varied from 8.78 to 181 cm (20.6-fold variation), total surface area varied from 2 to 35.5 cm2, and average root diameter and total root volume had an 8- and 29.5-fold variation, respectively. Genotypes PI 195927 (Citrullus colocynthis) and PI 674448 (Citrullus amarus) had the largest total root length values. Accessions PI 674448 and PI 494817 (C. amarus) had the largest total root surface area means. Watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus) had a relatively smaller root system and significantly fewer fibrous roots when compared with the roots of the other Citrullus spp. Positive genetic correlations were identified among total root length, total root surface area, and total root volume. This genetic information will be useful in future breeding efforts to select for multiple root architecture traits in watermelon. Germplasm identified in this study that exhibit superior root traits can be used as parental choices to improve watermelon for root traits.

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The Role of Root Morphology and Pulling Direction in Pullout Resistance of Alfalfa Roots

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.580825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Qihong Yang ◽

Chaobo Zhang ◽

Pengchong Liu ◽

Jing Jiang

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Pullout Test ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Pullout Resistance ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Morphological Indices

There is a growing consensus on soil conservation by mechanics of plant root system. In order to further study how root system exerts its mechanical properties during soil reinforcing process and which morphological indicator is suitable for reflecting pullout resistance, in-situ vertical pullout test (VPT) and 45° oblique pullout test (OPT) were performed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots in the loess area. The results showed that the failure mode of alfalfa roots was pulling out in this study. The peak pullout resistance of the roots increased with root diameter, root length and root surface area, and power law relationships were observed between the pullout resistance and the morphological indices: root diameter, root length and root surface area. The maximum gray relational degree of the morphological indices was 0.841 (VPT) and 0.849 (OPT) for root surface area, suggesting that root surface area was a more significant root morphological index affecting root pullout resistance than root diameter and root length, and was more suitable for characterizing the difference in peak pullout resistance of roots with different size. The index could be used to validate the methods for predicting root pullout capacity. The value of peak pullout resistance was 17.2 ± 2.3 N in VPT test and 28.2 ± 3.8 N (mean ± SE) in OPT test, and a significant difference was observed between the two tests, which showed that the pulling direction significantly affected the peak pullout resistance of alfalfa roots. Vertical pullout test, giving the safety margin, was suggested to determine root pullout resistance for estimate of root reinforcement.

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Effects of Soil Decompaction and Amendment on Root Growth and Architecture in Red Maple ( Acer rubrum)

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.049 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 428-432

Author(s):

William Hascher ◽

Christina Wells

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Mass Density ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Red Maple ◽

Root Parameters

The Terravent TMsoil injection device (Pinnacle Concepts, Ltd., Cornwall, UK) uses compressed nitrogen gas to fracture compacted soil and permits the subsequent injection of liquid amendments. In the current study, we measured fine root growth and architecture in soil that had received one of four treatments: 1) Terravent injections, 2) Terravent injections followed by liquid amendment (MycorTree® Injectable; PHC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.), 3) addition of amendment only, and 4) an untreated control. The experiment was conducted on ten red maples (Acer rubrum) growing on a moderately compacted urban clay soil next to a busy road on the Clemson University campus. Treatments were applied in April 2002. Seven weeks later, soil cores were pulled from locations adjacent to the injection sites, and fine roots (less than 2 mm [0.08 in] in diameter) from each core were washed free of soil. A variety of root parameters were measured, including length, surface area, diameter distribution, and mass. Terravent treatment had no effect on any root parameters measured. Application of MycorTree was associated with small, statistically significant reductions in root diameter, root mass density (mg root/cm 3soil), and root surface area density (cm 2root/cm 3soil).

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Root morphological, Cd accumulation and tolerance characteristics of 2 Dianthus caryophyllus cultivars under Cd stress

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127104012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 271 ◽

pp. 04012

Author(s):

Jiong Wu ◽

Changdi Ke ◽

Yanqun Zu ◽

Yu Din ◽

Taiting Li

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Root Exudates ◽

Root Length ◽

Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Volume ◽

Projected Area

For studying the physiological response of two different Dianthus caryophyllus cultivars on Cd stress, pot experiment was carried out to measure proline and glutathione in leaves, five types of organic acids in root exudates (oxalic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid), soluble sugars and free amino acids, root length, root surface area, root volume, root projected area and Cadmium content in soil, plant roots and aboveground. According to the effects of cadmium stress on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two Dianthus caryophyllus, the results showed that: the growth of two cultivars are affected, “Master” and “Xiao Yan” are manifested as plant height, leaf, flower buds and biomass decreased, but the “Master” by the stronger inhibitory effect. The root length, total root surface area, total root projected area, and average root diameter of the “Master” increased under cadmium stress, but the root volume decreased. However, the root length, total root surface area, root volume, and root projected area of the “Xiao Yan” under cadmium stress decreased, while the average root diameter increased. The glutathione in the leaves of the two cultivars decreased, the proline content of the leaves of the “Xiao Yan” increased, while that of the “Master” decreased. In the root exudates, the free amino acid content of the two cultivars are reduced, and the secretion of organic acids is also inhibited (except for the citric acid secreted in the “Master”), while the soluble sugar content in the root exudates is expressed as “Xiao Yan” increased, and the “Master” decreased. According to the physiological response to the two cultivars under cadmium stress, the “Xiao Yan” is more suitable for soil restoration in the mining area of Lanping area.

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The relationship between root morphology and cadmium accumulation in seedlings of two durum wheat cultivars

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 381-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward Berkelaar ◽

Beverley Hale

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Accumulation ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Cd Accumulation

Two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) with known, and different, grain-Cd accumulation were used to compare root tissue accumulation of Cd with root morphology. Six-day-old 'Kyle' and 'Arcola' seedlings were exposed to a range of Cd2 + concentrations (3.91 × 10-8 - 3.91 × 10-7 M) for 0-200 min, and root Cd contents for the two cultivars were compared with root morphological characteristics. 'Kyle' roots contained 35% less Cd per root system after 200 min of exposure and had less root surface area and fewer root tips than 'Arcola'. 'Kyle' roots also contained 30% less Cd per gram of dry weight than 'Arcola' roots after 200 min of exposure. 'Kyle' roots also had fewer root tips per unit of root dry weight and less surface area per unit of dry weight (DW) than 'Arcola'. When cadmium concentration data (µg·g-1 DW) were expressed per unit of root surface area (µg·cm-2) and per number of root tips (µg·tip-1), the difference in root Cd content between the two cultivars was smaller. These results suggest that greater root Cd content of 'Arcola' than 'Kyle' can be explained by differences in morphology, specifically that a greater surface area and more root tips in 'Arcola' leads to greater Cd accumulation in root tissue.Key words: cadmium accumulation, durum wheat, root morphology.

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