scholarly journals Role of Cell Wall Polyphosphates in Phosphorus Transfer at the Arbuscular Interface in Mycorrhizas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuc Thi Nguyen ◽  
Katsuharu Saito
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Fine Branch

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide plants with soil mineral nutrients, particularly phosphorus. In this symbiotic association, the arbuscular interface is the main site for nutrient exchange. To understand phosphorus transfer at the interface, we analyzed the subcellular localization of polyphosphate (polyP) in mature arbuscules of Rhizophagus irregularis colonizing roots of Lotus japonicus wild-type (WT) and H+-ATPase ha1-1 mutant, which is defective in phosphorus acquisition through the mycorrhizal pathway. In both, the WT and the ha1-1 mutant, polyP accumulated in the cell walls of trunk hyphae and inside fine branch modules close to the trunk hyphae. However, many fine branches lacked polyP. In the mutant, most fine branch modules showed polyP signals compared to the WT. Notably, polyP was also observed in the cell walls of some fine branches formed in the ha1-1 mutant, indicating phosphorus release from fungal cells to the apoplastic regions. Intense acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was detected in the periarbuscular spaces around the fine branches. Furthermore, double staining of ACP activity and polyP revealed that these had contrasting distribution patterns in arbuscules. These observations suggest that polyP in fungal cell walls and apoplastic phosphatases may play an important role in phosphorus transfer at the symbiotic interface in arbuscules.

scholarly journals Symbiotic association between golden berry (Physalis peruviana) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in heavy metal-contaminated soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieta Hristozkova ◽  
Maria Geneva ◽  
Ira Stancheva ◽  
Ivan Iliev ◽  
Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

AbstractPhysalis peruvianais one of the most promising tropical fruit plants because of its rapid growth, high yield, and nutritional quality. This study was designed to investigate plant development under heavy metal contamination (Cd, Pb) and responsiveness to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization byRhizophagus clarumandClaroideoglomus claroideum. The antioxidant capacity, total lipid content and fatty acid profile in fruits, accumulation of Cd and Pb in different plant parts, plant dry biomass, and mycorrhizal colonization were determined. As a result of inoculation, a considerable reduction in Cd and Pb in the fruits was observed, compared with non-inoculated plants. The fruit number and dry weight increased in plants associated withC. claroideum.These plants also showed higher acid phosphatase activity, root protein accumulation and glomalin production. The type of antioxidant defense was AMF strain-dependent. Antioxidant activity and H2O2neutralization were enzymatic rather than non-enzymatic processes in the fruits ofC. claroideumplants compared with those forming an association withR. clarum. Mycorrhizal establishment changed the composition and concentration of fruits’ fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids was increased. With respect to the accumulation of bioactive compounds in golden berry the present findings are important for obtaining the optimum benefits of mycorrhizal association under unfavorable conditions.

scholarly journals Gibberellins Interfere with Symbiosis Signaling and Gene Expression and Alter Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Lotus japonicus

2014 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoya Takeda ◽  
Yoshihiro Handa ◽  
Syusaku Tsuzuki ◽  
Mikiko Kojima ◽  
Hitoshi Sakakibara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Association in Industrial Wastelands in Kota, Rajasthan, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poonam Jaiswal ◽  
Suresh Singh Rajpurohit
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association

Mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and most of the vascular plants and is a highly evolved mutually beneficial relationship occurring within the rhizosphere of the vascular plants. The host plants are directly conferred benefits to the growth and development due to this symbiotic association. Their function ranges from stress alleviation to bioremediation in polluted soils besides their importance in the restoration of degraded wastelands. In this investigation colonization percentage and spore density of VAM fungi were studied in industrial waste dump sites and soil having natural vegetation. Industrial waste dump sites are characteristically dominated by Glomus. Mycorrhizal association and spore formation potential of AMF was significantly lowered in soil disturbed due to industrial waste dumping.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants Mediated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Cheng ◽  
Ying-Ning Zou ◽  
Kamil Kuča ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symbiotic Association

Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses during their life cycle, among which drought stress is perhaps the most significant abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, a group of beneficial soil fungi, can enhance the adaptability and tolerance of their host plants to drought stress after infecting plant roots and establishing a symbiotic association with their host plant. Therefore, AM fungi represent an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. There is still a need, however, to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhancement of plant drought tolerance to ensure their effective use. AM fungi establish well-developed, extraradical hyphae on root surfaces, and function in water absorption and the uptake and transfer of nutrients into host cells. Thus, they participate in the physiology of host plants through the function of specific genes encoded in their genome. AM fungi also modulate morphological adaptations and various physiological processes in host plants, that help to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Several AM-specific host genes have been identified and reported to be responsible for conferring enhanced drought tolerance. This review provides an overview of the effect of drought stress on the diversity and activity of AM fungi, the symbiotic relationship that exists between AM fungi and host plants under drought stress conditions, elucidates the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhanced drought tolerance in plants, and provides an outlook for future research.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Sorghum Plant Growth under Nitrogen-Deficient Conditions through Activation of Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism Enzymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Anass Kchikich
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Nitrogen (N), one of the most important elements for plant growth, is needed by plants in large quantities. However, this nutrient has limited supply in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known for their ability to form symbiotic association with plants and transfer the mineral nutrients to the host plants. To validate this hypothesis on sorghum plants, three ecotypes of this cereal (3p4, 3p9 and 4p11) were cultivated with and without AMF under low nitrogen concentration (0.5 mM NH4+). Growth parameters were determined and key enzymes responsible for nitrogen and carbon metabolisms such as glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and asparate aminotransferase (AAT) were measured. For the three sorghum ecotypes, mycorrhizal plants showed a higher plant growth compared to the control plants. The biochemical parameters revealed a significant increase in the nitrogen assimilatory enzymes; GS and GDH in the leaves and roots of mycorrhizal plants. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi also appear to have a significant effect on carbon assimilatory enzymes. These enzymes are known to have a cardinal role in the provision of carbon skeletons essential for the assimilation of ammonium and thus, amino acids synthesis. Our study indicates clearly that AMF can be an efficient way to optimize nitrogen uptake and/or assimilation by plants and thus improve the crop yields with lower amount of nitrogen fertilizers. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Capacity to Alleviate Abiotic Stress of Olive (Olea europaeaL.) Plants at Different Transplant Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Josefina Bompadre ◽  
Mariana Pérgola ◽  
Laura Fernández Bidondo ◽  
Roxana Paula Colombo ◽  
Vanesa Analía Silvani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms

The capacity of roots to sense soil physicochemical parameters plays an essential role in maintaining plant nutritional and developmental functions under abiotic stress. These conditions generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant tissues causing oxidation of proteins and lipids among others. Some plants have developed adaptive mechanisms to counteract such adverse conditions such as symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF enhance plant growth and improve transplant survival by protecting host plants against environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alleviation of transplanting stress by two strains ofRhizophagus irregularis(GC2 and GA5) in olive. Our results show that olive plants have an additional energetic expense in growth due to an adaptative response to the growing stage and to the mycorrhizal colonization at the first transplant. However, at the second transplant the coinoculation improves olive plant growth and protects against oxidative stress followed by the GA5-inoculation. In conclusion, a combination of two AMF strains at the beginning of olive propagation produces vigorous plants successfully protected in field cultivation even with an additional cost at the beginning of growth.

scholarly journals A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Guo ◽  
Zhongtao Zhao ◽  
Shek Shing Mar ◽  
Dianxiang Zhang ◽  
Richard M K Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Symbiotic Association ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Abstract Background and Aims Mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialized than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self-pollinate to maximize seed set, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between specialization in these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking. Methods We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine the breeding system. Key Results Thismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Rhizophagus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialized associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialization in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life-history traits.

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