Growth, Physiological, and Photosynthetic Responses of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge Seedlings Under Various Degrees of Salinity

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge is priced for its medical and energetic values. The species also plays a key role in stabilizing ecologically fragile areas exposed to excess soil salinity. In this study, the effects of salinity on the growth, physiological, and photosynthetic parameters of X. sorbifolium Bunge were investigated. The X. sorbifolium seedlings were subjected to five salt treatments: 0 (control, CK), 70, 140, 210, and 280 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. NaCl caused a decrease in plant height, specific leaf area, biomass, and root parameters. Leaf wilting and shedding and changes in root morphology, such as root length, root surface area, and root tips were observed. This study found that X. sorbifolium is tolerant to high salinity. Compared with the CK group, even if the concentration of NaCl was higher than 210 mM, the increase of the relative conductivity was also slow, while intercellular CO2 concentration had a similar trend. Moreover, NaCl stress caused an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble proteins, and proline. Among the enzymes in the plant, the catalase (CAT) activity increases first and decreased with the increase in the intensity of NaCl stress, but the salt treatment had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The peroxidase (POD) showed an increasing trend under salt stress. It was found that the photosynthesis of X. sorbifolium was notably impacted by saline stress. NaCl toxicity induced a noticeable influence on leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (Wue). As salt concentration increased, the content of chlorophyll decreased. It can be found that a low concentration of NaCl induced the increase of photosynthetic capacity but a high-intensity exposure to stress resulted in the reduction of photosynthetic efficiency and SOD activity, which had a positive correlation. In summary, salt-induced ionic stress primarily controlled root morphology, osmotic adjustment, and enzyme activities of salt-treated X. sorbifolium leaves, whereas the low salt load could, in fact, promote the growth of roots.

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The relationship between root morphology and cadmium accumulation in seedlings of two durum wheat cultivars

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b00-015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 381-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward Berkelaar ◽

Beverley Hale

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Accumulation ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Cd Accumulation

Two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) with known, and different, grain-Cd accumulation were used to compare root tissue accumulation of Cd with root morphology. Six-day-old 'Kyle' and 'Arcola' seedlings were exposed to a range of Cd2 + concentrations (3.91 × 10-8 - 3.91 × 10-7 M) for 0-200 min, and root Cd contents for the two cultivars were compared with root morphological characteristics. 'Kyle' roots contained 35% less Cd per root system after 200 min of exposure and had less root surface area and fewer root tips than 'Arcola'. 'Kyle' roots also contained 30% less Cd per gram of dry weight than 'Arcola' roots after 200 min of exposure. 'Kyle' roots also had fewer root tips per unit of root dry weight and less surface area per unit of dry weight (DW) than 'Arcola'. When cadmium concentration data (µg·g-1 DW) were expressed per unit of root surface area (µg·cm-2) and per number of root tips (µg·tip-1), the difference in root Cd content between the two cultivars was smaller. These results suggest that greater root Cd content of 'Arcola' than 'Kyle' can be explained by differences in morphology, specifically that a greater surface area and more root tips in 'Arcola' leads to greater Cd accumulation in root tissue.Key words: cadmium accumulation, durum wheat, root morphology.

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Differential Root Morphology between Metallicolous and Non-Metallicolous Populations of Rumex japonicus under Copper Stress

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.81 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

Wu Xing Huang ◽

Cong Ren ◽

Jing Qing Gao

Keyword(s):

Root Morphology ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Copper Stress ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Cu Stress ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Rumex Japonicus ◽

Two Populations

Two Rumex japonicus populations, one from copper (Cu) mine and the other from uncontaminated site, were studied for root morphology and biomass under Cu stress. Main root length and number of tips of the two populations were both significantly inhibited by Cu treatments. However, those of metallicolous population (MP) were higher than non-metallicolous population (NMP) under Cu stress. Cu treatments significantly inhibited root surface area in NMP while MP showed little difference from control. Cu treatments inhibited average root diameter and root/shoot ratio in NMP, but those in MP were significantly higher than control. Cu treatments significantly inhibited shoot biomass and root biomass in NMP. These results suggested that more assimilates allocated to root and the average root diameter increased under Cu stress to form a greater and stronger root might be partly reasons why R. japonicus can colonize the Cu enriched soils.

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Effects of lead on growth, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant activity and photosynthetic responses in Phoebe chekiangensis seedlings

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48311933 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 1637-1648

Author(s):

Yujie YANG ◽

Wenjie LI ◽

Xinru HE ◽

Die HU ◽

Yongjun FEI

Keyword(s):

Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters ◽

Root Volume ◽

Root Shoot Ratio ◽

Mda Content ◽

Photosynthetic Responses ◽

Intercellular Co2

Experiments were conducted on 1-year Phoebe chekiangensis seedlings treated by different concentration (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 mg/L) of Pb (NO3)2. Sixty days later, determination was implemented on seedling growth, physiological and photosynthetic parameters. The results showed that the lower concentration treated could promote the growth of the seedlings. But with the increase of concentration of lead, P. chekiangensis seedling height increment, ground diameter growth, whole biomass, total root surface area, root volume, total root length and root activity decreased, while root-shoot ratio present a rising trend. With the increase of concentration of Pb(NO3)2 solution, the membrane permeability and MDA content of P. chekiangensis seedlings showed a trend of rise after the first reduce; the protein content and chlorophyll content presented a trend of decrease after the first increase; while the POD, SOD and CAT activity increased firstly but decreased afterwards; the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate were all increase at first then decrease, which indicated that protection enzyme activity and membrane was damaged thus the growth of P. chekiangensis seedlings was inhibited.

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Effect of Copper Toxicity on Root Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Copper Accumulation in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.5560/znc.2014-0022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (9-10) ◽

pp. 399-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Junren Chen ◽

Danli Peng ◽

Mohammad Shafi ◽

Song Li ◽

Jiasen Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Copper Toxicity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Copper Accumulation ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Root Tips ◽

Effect Of Copper

Abstract A hydroponic culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of copper toxicity on root morphology, ultrastructure, and copper accumulation in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Root ultrastructure of Moso bamboo was studied by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Application of 200 μM Cu resulted in an accumulation of 810 mg kg-1 dry weight and 91 mg kg-1 dry weight Cu in roots and shoots, respectively. The majority of the plants did not survive the application of 400 μM Cu. Biomass production declined consistently with application of each additional increment of Cu. Root growth was more severely inhibited than shoot growth. Cu adversely affected the root morphology of the plants, however, root surface area and number of root tips increased slightly at low levels of Cu. Root cell ultrastructure and organelles changed significantly under Cu stress, in particular, cell walls, mitochondria, and xylem parenchyma were affected.

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Determination of root properties of saplings belong to two boxwood species (Buxus sempervirens and Buxus balearica) by image processing technique

Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences ◽

10.14744/turkjfas.2021.005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-24

Author(s):

Ömer Sarı

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Image Processing Technique ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Root Volume ◽

Buxus Sempervirens ◽

Second Year

The study was carried out to determine the root architectural characteristics of the one-year saplings of two species of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L. and Buxus balearica Lam.), which are endangered and natural plants of Turkey, in the greenhouse environment using the WinRhizo root analysis program and scanner. Total root length (cm), root surface area (cm2), root volume (cm3), average root diameter (mm), number of tips, number of forks and number of root crossings were determined in the study. According to the results of the study, the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity values in the second year of both species were effective on the root architectural features. As a result of this effect, the second year root length (3810 cm), number of root tips (2299), number of forks (7007) and number of root crossings (696) increased, root diameter (1.4 mm), root surface area (2158 cm2) and root volume (8 cm3) decreased. As a result, it has been concluded that species can make changes in their root parameters to adapt to different conditions and their adaptability is high. In general, the best results in root architectural parameters were obtained from Buxus balearica on the basis of species.

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Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10091840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1840 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bateer Baiyin ◽

Kotaro Tagawa ◽

Mina Yamada ◽

Xinyan Wang ◽

Satoshi Yamada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Root Surface ◽

Solution Flow Rate ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Solution Flow ◽

Flow Rates

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.

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Effects of NO3 – Availability on Total Productivity, Root Morphology, Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Recombinant Inbred Lines

The Open Plant Science Journal ◽

10.2174/1874294701408010024 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. He ◽

S.-F. Goh ◽

L. Qin

Keyword(s):

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Recombinant Inbred ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Chl A ◽

N Metabolism ◽

Total Productivity

We have identified certain heat-resistant (HR) and heat-sensitive (HS) lettuce (Lactuca sativa) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from 113 lines under hot ambient temperature by studying the root morphology, shoot and root productivity. Except for temperature, one of the other major determinants of root morphology is nitrate (NO3-) availability. In this study, total productivity, root morphology, photosynthesis and nitrogen (N) metabolism of two RILs, 168 HS and 200 HR were studied under full N (100% NO3-), +N (125% NO3-) and –N (50% NO3-). The shoot and root productivity of both RILs under +N and –N treatments declined compared to those of full N plants. Reductions in root length, root surface area and total number of root tips were observed in 168 HS plants under both +N and –N treatments. For 200 HR plants, they all had similar values of root parameters regardless of N treatments. There were no significant differences in the light saturated CO2 assimilation (Asat) and stomatal conductance (gs sat) between two RIL plants For each lettuce RIL, no differences in total chlorophyll (Chl ) content and Chl a/b ratio were observed among the different N treatment. For both lettuce RILs, shoot NO3- concentration was highest in +N followed by full N plants and –N plants had the lowest values. There were no differences in root NO3- concentration between +N and full N plants but root NO3- concentration was significantly lower in –N plants than in +N and full N plants. For shoot total reduced N, +N plants had significantly higher concentration in both RILs compared to those of full N and –N plants. All plants had similar root total reduced N concentrations except for 168 HS under –N condition, which had significantly lower total reduced N concentrations. Differences in shoot maximal nitrate reductase (NR) activity among the different N treated plants were similar to those of total reduced N concentration. The relationships among NO3- availability, root morphology, productivity, photosynthesis and N metabolism were discussed.

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Improvements in the Root Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of Platycladus orientalis Seedlings from Air-root Pruning

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13375-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (12) ◽

pp. 1750-1756

Author(s):

Zhipei Feng ◽

Xitian Yang ◽

Hongyan Liang ◽

Yuhua Kong ◽

Dafeng Hui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Specific Root Length ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Root Tips ◽

Platycladus Orientalis

Air-root pruning (AP) has been identified as an effective technique for enhancing root growth and development. However, little information is available regarding the temporal changes in the root system of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco under AP. We performed integrated morphological, physiological, and anatomical analyses of the roots in P. orientalis seedlings that had been air-root pruned for 120, 150, and 190 days. Our results found that the whole root length, number of root tips, and root surface area of AP seedlings at 120, 150, and 190 days were higher than those of the non–root-pruned (NP) seedlings (P < 0.05), but the average root diameter did not differ significantly between the treatments. Compared with NP treatment, AP increased the root length, surface area, number of tips, and specific root length of the ≤0.5 mm diameter roots in P. orientalis during the experimental periods (P < 0.05), but those of 0.5- to 1-mm-diameter roots were only increased on day 190 (P < 0.05). The AP plants also exhibited higher root vitality and proportion of live fine roots than the NP plants (P < 0.05). Our anatomical evaluation of the ≤0.5 mm roots and taproots revealed features that could account for the morphological differences found between the AP and NP plants. In conclusion, our results indicate that air-root pruning induced changes in the roots that promote the root system development in P. orientalis compared with the NP treatment during the experimental period. These results thus provide experimental evidence to support the use of AP in P. orientalis seedlings.

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Comparison of root tolerance to drought and aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) resistance among different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79766-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Peter Quandahor ◽

Yuping Gou ◽

Chunyan Lin ◽

Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽

Changzhong Liu

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Water Deficit ◽

Myzus Persicae ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Root Tips ◽

Projected Area ◽

Aphid Infestation

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the root system architecture and biochemical responses of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars to drought and aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) infestation under greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment comprising three potato cultivars (Qingshu 9, Longshu 3, and Atlantic), two levels of water (Well watered and drought) application and aphid infestation (Aphids and no aphids) was conducted. The results show that drought stress and aphid infestation significantly increased the root-projected area, root surface area, number of root tips, and number of root forks of all cultivars, relative to their corresponding control plants. The least root projected area, root surface area, number of root tips, and number of root forks occurred on DXY under both drought and aphid infestation. Nevertheless, the greatest root projected area, root surface area, number of root tips and number of root forks occurred on QS9 plants. Moreover, increased SOD, CAT, and POD activities were observed across all cultivars, under drought and aphid stress. The highest SOD, POD, and CAT activities occurred in QS9; under drought and aphid stress, while the least SOD, POD, and CAT activities was observed in DXY. The Atlantic cultivar, which possesses a root system sensitive to water deficit, demonstrated greater resistance to aphid infestation under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Conversely, Qingshu 9, which possesses a root system tolerant to water deficit, was highly susceptible to aphids. This study shows that the root architectural and biochemical traits that enhance potato tolerance to drought do not necessarily correlate to a plant’s tolerance to aphids.

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Effects of Soil Decompaction and Amendment on Root Growth and Architecture in Red Maple ( Acer rubrum)

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.049 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 428-432

Author(s):

William Hascher ◽

Christina Wells

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Surface Area ◽

Mass Density ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Red Maple ◽

Root Parameters

The Terravent TMsoil injection device (Pinnacle Concepts, Ltd., Cornwall, UK) uses compressed nitrogen gas to fracture compacted soil and permits the subsequent injection of liquid amendments. In the current study, we measured fine root growth and architecture in soil that had received one of four treatments: 1) Terravent injections, 2) Terravent injections followed by liquid amendment (MycorTree® Injectable; PHC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.), 3) addition of amendment only, and 4) an untreated control. The experiment was conducted on ten red maples (Acer rubrum) growing on a moderately compacted urban clay soil next to a busy road on the Clemson University campus. Treatments were applied in April 2002. Seven weeks later, soil cores were pulled from locations adjacent to the injection sites, and fine roots (less than 2 mm [0.08 in] in diameter) from each core were washed free of soil. A variety of root parameters were measured, including length, surface area, diameter distribution, and mass. Terravent treatment had no effect on any root parameters measured. Application of MycorTree was associated with small, statistically significant reductions in root diameter, root mass density (mg root/cm 3soil), and root surface area density (cm 2root/cm 3soil).

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