scholarly journals Identification of Genes Preferentially Expressed in Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and Involvement of the Aluminum-Activated Malate Transporter 6 Vacuolar Malate Channel in Stomatal Opening

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxiu Ye ◽  
Shota Koya ◽  
Yuki Hayashi ◽  
Huimin Jiang ◽  
Takaya Oishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Stomatal Movement ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Signaling Components ◽  
Malate Transporter ◽  
Gdsl Lipase

Stomatal guard cells (GCs) are highly specialized cells that respond to various stimuli, such as blue light (BL) and abscisic acid, for the regulation of stomatal aperture. Many signaling components that are involved in the stomatal movement are preferentially expressed in GCs. In this study, we identified four new such genes in addition to an aluminum-activated malate transporter, ALMT6, and GDSL lipase, Occlusion of Stomatal Pore 1 (OSP1), based on the expression analysis using public resources, reverse transcription PCR, and promoter-driven β-glucuronidase assays. Some null mutants of GC-specific genes evidenced altered stomatal movement. We further investigated the role played by ALMT6, a vacuolar malate channel, in stomatal opening. Epidermal strips from an ALMT6-null mutant exhibited defective stomatal opening induced by BL and fusicoccin, a strong plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator. The deficiency was enhanced when the assay buffer [Cl–] was low, suggesting that malate and/or Cl– facilitate efficient opening. The results indicate that the GC-specific genes are frequently involved in stomatal movement. Further detailed analyses of the hitherto uncharacterized GC-specific genes will provide new insights into stomatal regulation.

scholarly journals Promotion and Upregulation of a Plasma Membrane Proton-ATPase Strategy: Principles and Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zirong Ren ◽  
Bazhen Suolang ◽  
Tadashi Fujiwara ◽  
Dan Yang ◽  
Yusuke Saijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Proton Atpase ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells

Plasma membrane proton-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) is a primary H+ transporter that consumes ATP in vivo and is a limiting factor in the blue light-induced stomatal opening signaling pathway. It was recently reported that manipulation of PM H+-ATPase in stomatal guard cells and other tissues greatly improved leaf photosynthesis and plant growth. In this report, we review and discuss the function of PM H+-ATPase in the context of the promotion and upregulation H+-ATPase strategy, including associated principles pertaining to enhanced stomatal opening, environmental plasticity, and potential applications in crops and nanotechnology. We highlight the great potential of the promotion and upregulation H+-ATPase strategy, and explain why it may be applied in many crops in the future.

Ca2+ signalling in stomatal guard cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. McAinsh ◽  
J. E. Gray ◽  
A. M. Hetherington ◽  
C. P. Leckie ◽  
C. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Characteristics

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger in the signal transduction pathway(s) by which stomatal guard cells respond to external stimuli. Increases in guard-cell cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) have been observed in response to stimuli that cause both stomatal opening and closure. In addition, several important components of Ca2+-based signalling pathways have been identified in guard cells, including the cADP-ribose and phospholipase C/Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated Ca2+-mobilizing pathways. The central role of stimulus-induced increases in [Ca2+]cyt in guard-cell signal transduction has been clearly demonstrated in experiments examining the effects of modulating increases in [Ca2+]cyt on alterations in guard-cell turgor or the activity of ion channels that act as effectors in the guard-cell turgor response. In addition, the paradox that Ca2+ is involved in the transduction of signals that result in opposite end responses (stomatal opening and closure) might be accounted for by the generation of stimulus-specific Ca2+ signatures, such that increases in [Ca2+]cyt exhibit unique spatial and temporal characteristics.

scholarly journals Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Na Yang ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Yan-Ping Wang ◽  
Jenifer Seematti ◽  
Laura J. Grenville-Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Stomatal Movement ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell–pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.

Crosstalk of NO with Ca2+ in Stomatal Movement in Vicia faba Guard Cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1491-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin ZHANG ◽  
Xiang ZHAO ◽  
Ya-Jing WANG ◽  
Xiao ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Movement

scholarly journals Estimations of apoplastic concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ in the vicinity of stomatal guard cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. R. SILVA ◽  
SARAH J. HONOUR ◽  
T. A. MANSFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells

scholarly journals Stomatal Guard Cells Co-opted an Ancient ABA-Dependent Desiccation Survival System to Regulate Stomatal Closure

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Lind ◽  
Ingo Dreyer ◽  
Enrique J. López-Sanjurjo ◽  
Katharina von Meyer ◽  
Kimitsune Ishizaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells

scholarly journals Overexpression of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in Guard Cells Enhances Light-Induced Stomatal Opening, Photosynthesis, and Plant Growth in Hybrid Aspen

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeo Toh ◽  
Naoki Takata ◽  
Eigo Ando ◽  
Yosuke Toda ◽  
Yin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Gas Exchange System

Stomata in the plant epidermis open in response to light and regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and transpiration for uptake of water and nutrients from roots. Light-induced stomatal opening is mediated by activation of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase in guard cells. Overexpression of PM H+-ATPase in guard cells promotes light-induced stomatal opening, enhancing photosynthesis and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, transgenic hybrid aspens overexpressing Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase (AHA2) in guard cells under the strong guard cell promoter Arabidopsis GC1 (AtGC1) showed enhanced light-induced stomatal opening, photosynthesis, and growth. First, we confirmed that AtGC1 induces GUS expression specifically in guard cells in hybrid aspens. Thus, we produced AtGC1::AHA2 transgenic hybrid aspens and confirmed expression of AHA2 in AtGC1::AHA2 transgenic plants. In addition, AtGC1::AHA2 transgenic plants showed a higher PM H+-ATPase protein level in guard cells. Analysis using a gas exchange system revealed that transpiration and the photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in AtGC1::AHA2 transgenic aspen plants. AtGC1::AHA2 transgenic plants showed a>20% higher stem elongation rate than the wild type (WT). Therefore, overexpression of PM H+-ATPase in guard cells promotes the growth of perennial woody plants.

scholarly journals Submicroscopical Features of Leaves of Xyris Species

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Sajo ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Leaf Ultrastructure ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Adaptative Significance ◽  
Scanning Electron

The leaf ultrastructure of five Xyris species were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and histochemical methods. All studied leaves show some features in epidermis and mesophyll, which were of considerable adaptative significance to drought stress. Such features included the occurrence of a pectic layer on the stomatal guard cells and the presence of a network of pectic compounds in the cuticle. Pectic compunds were also in abundance in lamellated walls of the mesophyll cells and on the inner surface of the sclerified cell walls of the vascular bundle sheaths. There were also specialized chlorenchymatous "peg cells" in the mesophyll and drops of phenolic compounds inside the epidermal cells.

Cytokinin- and auxin-induced stomatal opening involves a decrease in levels of hydrogen peroxide in guard cells of Vicia faba

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Gui Song ◽  
Xiao-Ping She ◽  
Jun-Min He ◽  
Chen Huang ◽  
Tu-sheng Song
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Diphenylene Iodonium ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Exogenous H2o2

Previous studies have shown that cytokinins and auxins can induce the opening of stomata. However, the mechanism of stomatal opening caused by cytokinins and auxins remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in guard cells and stomatal opening induced by cytokinins and auxins in Vicia faba. By means of stomatal bioassay and laser-scanning confocal microscopy, we provide evidence that cytokinins and auxins reduced the levels of H2O2 in guard cells and induced stomatal opening in darkness. Additionally, cytokinins not only reduced exogenous H2O2 levels in guard cells caused by exposure to light, but also abolished H2O2 that had been generated during a dark period, and promoted stomatal opening, as did ascorbic acid (ASA, an important reducing substrate for H2O2 removal). However, unlike cytokinins, auxins did not reduce exogenous H2O2, did not abolish H2O2 that had been generated in the dark, and therefore did not promote reopening of stoma induced to close in the dark. The above-mentioned effects of auxins were similar to that of diphenylene iodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of the H2O2-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase). Taken together our results indicate that cytokinins probably reduce the levels of H2O2 in guard cells by scavenging, whereas auxins limit H2O2 levels through restraining H2O2 generation, inducing stomatal opening in darkness.

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