scholarly journals Rapid Detection and Quantification of Plant Innate Immunity Response Using Raman Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pil Joong Chung ◽  
Gajendra P. Singh ◽  
Chung-Hao Huang ◽  
Sayuj Koyyappurath ◽  
Jun Sung Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Raman Shift ◽  
Regulatory Mutants ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Elicitor Response ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Detection And Quantification

We have developed a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. Arabidopsis plants challenged with flg22 and elf18 elicitors could be differentiated from mock-treated plants by their Raman spectral fingerprints. From the difference Raman spectrum and the value of p at each Raman shift, we derived the Elicitor Response Index (ERI) as a quantitative measure of the response whereby a higher ERI value indicates a more significant elicitor-induced immune response. Among various Raman spectral bands contributing toward the ERI value, the most significant changes were observed in those associated with carotenoids and proteins. To validate these results, we investigated several characterized Arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) mutants. Compared to wild type (WT), positive regulatory mutants had ERI values close to zero, whereas negative regulatory mutants at early time points had higher ERI values. Similar to elicitor treatments, we derived an analogous Infection Response Index (IRI) as a quantitative measure to detect the early PTI response in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants infected with bacterial pathogens. The Raman spectral bands contributing toward a high IRI value were largely identical to the ERI Raman spectral bands. Raman spectroscopy is a convenient tool for rapid screening for Arabidopsis PTI mutants and may be suitable for the noninvasive and early diagnosis of pathogen-infected crop plants.

scholarly journals The Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor the Removal of Humic Substances from Charcoal: Quality Control for 14C Dating of Charcoal

Radiocarbon ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dani Alon ◽  
Genia Mintz ◽  
Illit Cohen ◽  
Steve Weiner ◽  
Elisabetta Boaretto
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
14C Dating ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Raman Spectral Analysis

One of the largest sources of uncertainty in radiocarbon dating stems from the sample pretreatment procedures used to minimize contamination. A major source of carbon contamination in charcoal from archaeological sites is humic substances carried by groundwater. Here we present a method, independent of 14C dating itself, to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure of charcoal. Raman spectra of mixtures of humic substances (HS) and laboratory prepared charcoal indicate that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a semi-quantitative measure of the amount of humic substances associated with archaeological charcoal. Raman spectral analysis of archaeological charcoal samples subjected to different cleaning regimes supports this contention. Such measurements can provide quality control for charcoal preparation procedures and may assist in the interpretation of carbon-dating results.

Spectroscopic requirements for Raman instrumentation on a planetary lander: potential for the remote detection of biosignatures on Mars

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Jorge Villar ◽  
H.G.M. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Remote Detection ◽  
Spectral Identification ◽  
Scan Time ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Non Destructive

The special characteristics of Raman spectroscopy (relative insensitivity to water, non-destructive detection, sensitivity to bio- and geosignatures, molecular structural composition information, etc.) together with the development of miniaturized Raman spectrometers make the consideration of this technique for future robotic landers on planetary surfaces, particularly Mars, a very interesting option. The development of light and rugged Raman spectrometers limits the possible scope of the instrumentation which has particular importance in the recognition of biomolecular and mineral signatures. In this work, we evaluate the spectral resolution and scan time parameters and the effect that they have on the Raman spectra of extremophilic biomolecules, together with the wavenumber ranges which are critical for the detection of life signals. This is of vital relevance for the design of miniaturized Raman spectrometer systems. From our results, we conclude that for extraterrestrial biological signatures unambiguous Raman spectral identification provided with a minimum of 16 cm−1 spectral resolution is required for the most significant biosignature wavenumber range in the 1700–700 cm−1 region.

Raman spectral analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2 after microwave radiation

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhuang Ye ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Changyan Zou ◽  
Yangwen Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Radiation Time

This study aimed to study the effects of microwave radiation on the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE2 by Raman spectroscopy. The cells were separated into a control group and radiated groups with radiation times of 2, 5, 10, and 25 min, respectively. Both principal components analysis and support vector machine were employed for statistical analysis of Raman spectra. The results show that the relative content of C-H deformation and amide I begin to change when the radiation time is over 10 min, and principal components analysis further confirms there are significant differences after 10 min of radiation. Moreover, support vector machine is simultaneously used to classify radiated samples from control samples. The classification accuracy is low until the radiation time reaches over 10 min. In conclusion, this study reveals the Raman spectral characteristics of CNE2 under different microwave radiation exposure timesand demonstrates Raman spectroscopy can be a potential method to explore cellular characterization after radiation. The final results may help in elucidating the mechanism by which microwave radiation interacts with tumor cells.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Cancer Invasion and Metastasis of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Raman Spectroscopy

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Fan Yu ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Dongliang Song ◽  
Heping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Field ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Raman Spectral

Raman spectroscopy facilitates accurate and minimally invasive investigation on biomedical samples to reveal their molecular-level biological information. In this work, the cancer field effects of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues were illustrated by Raman microspectroscopy. Referenced with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained microscopic images, the biochemical variations during SCC progress were meticulously described by the Raman spectral features in different pathological areas of two lesion types, including the biochemical changes in collagen, lipids, DNA, and other components of SCC diffusion and metastasis. The experimental results demonstrated that the intensities of the Raman peaks representing collagen (853, 936, and 1248 cm−1) were decreased, whereas the intensities of peaks corresponding to DNA (720, 1327 cm−1) and lipids (1305 cm−1) were increased significantly in cancerous lesions, which testified that SCC originates from the epidermis and invades the dermis gradually. The achieved results not only described the molecular mechanism of skin carcinogenesis, but also provided vital reference data for in vivo skin cancer diagnosis using Raman spectroscopy.

Spatial distribution and content detection of gefitinib in tablets using confocal micro-raman spectroscopy mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1444-1451
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Chun-Hua Zhou ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Ying-Chun Cui
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Video Imaging ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

In this study, we aim at establishing a method to evaluate the spatial distribution and content of gefitinib in tablets without destroying the tablets. The content of gefitinib tablets was determined by HPLC. Using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, with a wavelength of 785 nm and power of 10%, gefitinib, starch, and hydrated magnesium silicate were scanned. Tablets with five concentrations of gefitinib (15.63–31.25%) were scanned with a 1000 × 1000 μm spectral resolution and live video imaging was performed. The surfaces of gefitinib tablets were scanned and images were obtained by a continuous scanning method. Characteristic Raman spectra of tablets were obtained after surface scanning and map reviews of tablets with five concentrations of gefitinib for rapid and accurate identification. The characteristic spectral bands of gefitinib, starch, and hydrated magnesium silicate were 1620 cm–1, 480 cm–1, 1350 cm–1 respectively. Comparing the surfaces of the tablets, it was found that the tablets with a flat and round surface are more suitable for Raman spectroscopy. Live video imaging and scanning maps of five concentrations of gefitinib were performed. The results showed that the product with the content of 16.12% had a good mixing homogeneity. In conclusion, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy can detect the spatial distribution and content of gefitinib tablets without destroying tablets.

Application of the G'/D Raman Ratio for Purity Assessment of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2007 ◽  
Vol 1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta DiLeo ◽  
Brian Landi ◽  
Ryne Raffaelle
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Excitation Energy ◽  
Double Resonance ◽  
Raman Shift ◽  
Resonance Theory ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Purity Assessment ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

AbstractCarbonaceous purity assessment methods are being sought after for all types of carbon nanotubes as a means to standardize the material metrology. Our most recent work has evaluated chemical vapor synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). This effort included a protocol for assessment involving qualitative information from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and quantitative information from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. Presently, the analysis using Raman spectroscopy on a constructed sample set has been extended to a second excitation energy (HeNe laser at 1.96 eV) and the similar trends in the relative Raman peak ratios have been measured. In contrast to the G-band, the D and G' peaks demonstrate a Raman shift that is excitation energy-dependent, consistent with the double resonance theory. However, the Raman ratio of IG'/ID is independent of excitation energy and is observed to be the most sensitive to MWNT carbonaceous purity. Application of this approach to MWNT arrays grown on SiO2 is compared to conventional bulk powders synthesized under similar conditions. The MWNT arrays show a high degree of vertical alignment based upon SEM and a measured carbonaceous purity using the IG'/ID ratio of 75% w/w.

Raman Spectral Analysis of Particulates of Diesel Engine with DOC and CDPF After-Treatment Devices

2013 ◽  
Vol 651 ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Zhi Hao Ma ◽  
Ying Chao ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Catalytic Effect ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Raman Shift ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Degree Of Graphitization ◽  
Raman Spectral Analysis

In order to study the effect of the after-treatment devices on the diesel engine particulates, a series of measurements were conducted. The after-treatment systems were an oxidation catalyst and two different catalytic contents of CDPFs. In this study, the effects of DOC and CDPFs on particulates were investigated by Raman spectra in order to clarify the composition and structure of the particulates. The results show that the Raman spectra of particulates are all made up of five peaks, while the Raman shift of the peaks observed no obvious change. The two groups of CDPFs led to the same increased trend of ID2/IG and ID4/IG, while the contrary trend of ID1/IG,, ID3/IG and IALL/IG, indicating that different catalytic effect changing the process of structure and components of the particulates. While after DOC+CDPFs, the ratios of ID1/IG, ID2/IG, ID1/IG, ID4/IG and IALL/IGare all increased, this indicates that DOC also has certain effect on the degree of graphitization, but more organic compounds are formed after DOC+CDPFs, that is, the reactivity of particulates increases.

Heating Effects of Desi Ghee Using Raman Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmed ◽  
Shaukat Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Nondestructive Technique ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Heating Effects ◽  
Excitation Laser ◽  
First Time

Raman spectroscopy as a fast and nondestructive technique has been used to investigate heating effects on Desi ghee during frying/cooking of food for the first time. A temperature in the range of 140–180℃ has been investigated within which Desi ghee can be used safely for cooking/frying without much alteration of its natural molecular composition. In addition, heating effects in case of reuse, heating for different times, and cooking inside pressure cookers are also presented. An excitation laser at 785 nm has been used to obtain Raman spectra and the range of 540–1800 cm−1 is found to contain prominent spectral bands. Prominent variations have been observed in the Raman bands of 560–770 cm−1, 790–1160 cm−1, and 1180–1285 cm−1 with the rise in temperature. The spectral variations have been verified using classifier principal component analysis. It has been found that Desi ghee can be reused if heated below 180℃ and it can be heated up to 30 min without any appreciable molecular changes if a controlled heating can be managed.

Raman Spectral Characterization of Pure and Doped Fused Silica Optical Fibers

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Walrafen ◽  
J. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Laser Raman ◽  
Laser Raman Spectra ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Oh Content ◽  
Absorption Measurements

The utility of Raman spectroscopy as a means of characterizing the properties of pure and doped fused silica has been investigated. Laser-Raman spectra were obtained by forward scattering from solid optical fibers ∼35 to 85 m in length using 514.5 nm excitation with an “image slicer” and a Cary model 81 instrument. Clad and unclad fibers of fused silica and doped fibers having SiO2-GeO2 and SiO2-GeO2-B2O3 cores were examined. Raman spectra were also obtained from bulk samples of glasses, including pure GeO2, pure B2O3, and various compositions of SiO2-GeO2, SiO2-B2O3, and SiO2-GeO2-B2O3. The addition of dopants to fused silica was found to alter the Raman spectrum both by the appearance of new bands, roughly proportional to dopant concentration and not common either to the fused silica or to the dopant alone, and by the marked alteration of other Raman bands, which is indicative of changes in the local intermolecular order. Thus, addition of GeO2 produces new Raman bands at ∼675 and ∼1000 cm−1; and of B2O3, new bands at ∼940 and ∼1350 cm−1. Addition of GeO2 and/or B2O3 weakens the relatively sharp Raman lines near 485 and 600 cm−1 (and a similar but small effect was also noted with increasing OH content). GeO2 and B2O3 together also produce observable narrowing of the broad intense 440 cm−1 Raman contour. These spectral effects are interpreted, respectively, in terms of a decrease in the concentrations of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] defects produced by dopant addition and of a concomitant reordering of the silica structure. Raman spectroscopy thus appears to be a useful optical technique for elucidating the properties of dopants that have been especially chosen for good optical transmission and hence are not easily detectable by absorption measurements.

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