The Regulatory Mechanism of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Fragrant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Different Soil Moisture Contents

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the key compound of rice aroma. However, the responses of 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice under different soil moisture and the corresponding mechanism are little known. The present study evaluated the effects of different soil moisture on 2-AP biosynthesis through a pot experiment. Four soil moisture contents, that is, 50% (SM50), 40% (SM40), 30% (SM30), and 20% (SM20), were adopted, and SM50 treatment was taken as control. The pots were weighed and watered to maintain the corresponding soil moisture content. The results showed no significant difference in growth parameters (plant height, stem diameter, and plant dry weight) among all treatments. Compared with SM50, SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased 2-AP content by 32.81, 23.18, and 53.12%, respectively. Between 20 to 90% higher proline content was observed in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments than in SM50. Enzymes including proline dehydrogenase, ornithine transaminase, and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase exhibited lower activities with soil moisture declined. Higher diamine oxidase activity was observed in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments compared with SM50, and real-time PCR analyses showed that transcript level of DAO1 was greatly increased under low soil moisture treatments, especially in SM20 treatment. Transcript levels of PRODH, DAO2, DAO4, DAO5, OAT, P5CS1, and P5CS2 decreased or maintained in SM40, SM30, and SM20 treatments compared with SM50. We deduced that low soil moisture content enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis mainly by upregulating the expression of DAO1 to promote the conversion from putrescine to 2-AP.

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Effect of Bromus inermis Leyss Planting on Dynamic Changes of Soil Moisture Contents on the Bare Slope

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1648 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 807-809 ◽

pp. 1648-1652

Author(s):

Tie Jun Sun ◽

Baderihu Tajilake

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Bromus Inermis ◽

Dynamic Changes ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Biological Characters ◽

Underground Biomass

Experiment was executed to plant eco-grass of Bromus inermis Leyss on 15°bare slopes, and study effect of biological characters on dynamics of soil moisture contents. The results indicated that vegetation restored quickly on the bare slope after the eco-grass planted. There were 2473.4 kg/hm2 of overground biomass and 1744.1kg/hm2 of underground biomass, and 70% of underground biomass was in 0-10cm layer of soil. Meanwhile, there was a regulatory mechanism of soil moisture content for Bromus inermis Leyss. When rainfall was enough, soil moisture content in 0-80 cm layer could reach to the most of 26.83% quickly this year. Next it could decline near to the first value of 19.81% after rainfall stopped, and keep a dynamic balance between 19.48% and 19.96%. Moreover, the regulatory mechanism realized though underground biomass, and was clearer with underground biomass increasing, especially in the 0-40cm layer of soil.

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Draft Requirement of Two Animal - Drawn Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Weeders

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jerr/2020/v10i317039 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 14-20

Author(s):

Y. A. Unguwanrimi ◽

A. M. Sada ◽

G. N. Ugama ◽

H. S. Garuba ◽

A. Ugoani

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Experimental Plot ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Loam Soil

Draft requirements of two animal – drawn (IAR) weeders operating on loam soil were determined in the study. The implements include a straddle row weeder and an emcot attached rotary weeder evaluated under the same soil conditions, using a pair of white Fulani breed of oxen. The animal draft requirement was first estimated from the animal ergonomics measurements. Using area of 0.054 hectare as experimental plot for each implement the draft requirement of each implement was investigated after taking soil samples for soil moisture content and bulk density determinations. The implements tested showed variation in their average draft requirement. The straddle row weeder had the highest value of 338.15 N respectively while the emcot attached rotary weeder had the lowest value of 188.12 N with 47.03%, respectively. The average soil moisture contents and bulk density were 13.0% and 1.46%/cm3, respectively.

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Geostatistical analysis for soil moisture content under the no tillage cropping system

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162006000400005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 341-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Célia Regina Grego ◽

Sidney Rosa Vieira ◽

Aline Maria Antonio ◽

Simone Cristina Della Rosa

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Water Content ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

No Tillage ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Classical Statistics ◽

Evaluation Point

Experiments in agriculture usually consider the topsoil properties to be uniform in space and, for this reason, often make inadequate use of the results. The objective of this study was to assess the variability for soil moisture content using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was carried out on a Rhodic Ferralsol (typic Haplorthox) in Campinas, SP, Brazil, in an area of 3.42 ha cultivated under the no tillage system, and the sampling was made in a grid of 102 points spaced 10 m x 20 m. Access tubes were inserted down to one meter at each evaluation point in order to measure soil moisture contents (cm³ cm-3) at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm with a neutron moisture gauge. Samplings were made between the months of August and September of 2003 and in January 2004. The soil moisture content for each sampling date was analyzed using classical statistics in order to appropriately describe the central tendency and dispersion on the data and then using geostatistics to describe the spatial variability. The comparison between the spatial variability for different samplings was made examining scaled semivariograms. Water content was mapped using interpolated values with punctual kriging. The semivariograms showed that, at the 60 cm depth, soil water content had moderate spatial dependence with ranges between 90 and 110 m. However, no spatial dependence was found for 30 and 90 cm depths in 2003. Sampling density was insufficient for an adequate characterization of the spatial variability of soil moisture contents at the 30 and 90 cm depths.

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Heat-Transfer in the Soil During Very Low-Intensity Experimental Fires - the Role of Duff and Soil-Moisture Content

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf9940225 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 225 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

JC Valette ◽

V Gomendy ◽

J Marechal ◽

C Houssard ◽

D Gillon

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Temperature Rise ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Prescribed Burns ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Lethal Temperatures ◽

Maximum Temperatures

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of duff thickness and moisture content, and of soil moisture content on the transfer of heat in the soil. The experimental design used intact soil blocks with their duff layer, subjected to controlled fires of variable very low intensities of up to 100 kW m-1. The fuel on the surface was composed of needles and twigs of Pinus pinaster. The maximum temperatures measured within the fuel were of the order of 650 degrees C and were independent of the fireline intensities. For fires with fireline intensity of the order of 30 kW m-1, the presence of the duff layer reduced from 330 degrees C the temperature rise at the soil surface. Duff thickness played only a secondary role, but increasing moisture content reinforced its insulating effect, so that the temperature rise was 2.5 times less at 1 cm depth in the duff when the moisture content exceeded 70% dry weight, than when the moisture content was less than 30%. For more intense fires (> 50 kW m-1) that produced longer-lasting surface heating, duff thickness and moisture content played an important role in significantly reducing the temperature rise at the soil surface (range 140 degrees C to 28 degrees C). Because of low soil thermal conductivity, temperature attenuation with increasing depth was noticed. In the case of low intensity fires (< 30 kW m-1) in the absence of a duff layer, the maximum temperatures were reduced from 350 degrees C at the surface to 7 degrees C at 3.5 cm. The temperature rise in the soil decreased with depth according to a negative exponential relation. The rate constant of this relation was greater when the initial surface temperature and the soil moisture content were higher. For the soil studied, and under the moisture conditions encountered (between 7 and 19% of dry weight), the rate constant could be predicted with acceptable precision (r2 = 0.67), if the surface soil temperature rise and the soil moisture content were known. In these experimental fires, which were carried out when the air temperature did not exceed 20 degrees C, lethal temperatures (> 60 degrees C) were measured in the upper few centimetres of the duff layer in very low-intensity fires, and in the upper few centimetres of the soil (where nutrients are most concentrated and biological activity most intense) in the slightly more intense fires. The fire intensities were always very moderate, and of the order of magnitude df those encountered in the prescribed burns conducted on fuel-breaks of the french Mediterranean area. Their impact on the surface of the forest soil, in terms of lethal temperatures transmitted to the horizon rich in organic matter, are not negligible. In contrast, below 3 to 5 cm depth, prescribed burns, conducted under the conditions of the experiments, would not lead to significant change to nutrients or microfaunal or microfloral activity; in particular, root tips would not be subjected to heat stress sufficient to kill them.

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Effect of tillage intensity, fertilizer and manure on root mass density, soil properties and their correlation on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12129 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 529-535

Author(s):

MM Sarker ◽

MA Matin ◽

MG Hossain ◽

MMR Sarker ◽

MS Huda

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Mass Density ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Root Mass

An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm, Mymensingh during the Aman season of 2008 to study the effect of tillage intensity, fertilizer and manure on the root mass density soil properties and their correlation on rice yield (BRRI dhan 41). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments were three tillage operations as factor A: one passing (P1), two passing (P2), and three passing (P3) of a power tiller and four fertilizer and manure treatments as factor B: recommended dose of fertilizers (FM0), 50% of N plus rest of recommended dose of fertilizers + cowdung @ 5 t/ha (FM1), 50% of N plus rest of recommended dose of fertilizers + rice straw @ 5 t/ha (FM2) and 50% of N plus rest of recommended dose of fertilizer + cowdung @ 2.5 t/ha plus rice straw @ 2.5 t/ha (FM3). The highest and the lowest bulk densities were found in P1FM0 and P3FM treatments, respectively. The maximum soil moisture content and air filled porosity were obtained in P3FM1 treatment, whereas PM1FM0 demonstrated the lowest soil moisture content. The maximum (8.09 mg cm-3) and minimum (1.63 mg cm-3) root mass densities were observed in P3 (10 cm depth) and P1 (10-20 cm depth) treatments, respectively. The highest grain yield was recorded in P3FM0 treatment. Root mass density was positively correlated with soil moisture content and grain yield, but negatively with bulk density. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(3): 529-535, September 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12129

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Influence of Organic and Inorganic Soil Amendments on Soil Moisture Content and Micronutrients

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2019/v29i530156 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

E. K. Kago ◽

Z. M. Kinyua ◽

J. M. Maingi ◽

P. O. Okemo

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dry Soil ◽

Metham Sodium

Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of organic and inorganic soil amendments on soil moisture content and micronutrients in semi and arid areas. Methodology: The study was laid out as randomized complete block design (RCBD) in split plot arrangement for two seasons. The treatments were ChalimTM, Super-hydro-grow polymer and Metham sodium, Metham sodium, Metham sodium + Orange peel, Super-hydro-grow polymer, Control, Brassica tissue, ChalimTM + Super-hydro-grow polymer, Brassica tissue + Orange peel and Metham sodium + Super-hydro-grow polymer. Soils were sampled from each experimental site, dried and taken to laboratories for determination of Zinc, Iron, Manganese and copper both at initial and at the end of the experiment using a SpectrAA- 40 atomic absorption spectrometer, PSC-56 programmable sample changer. Moisture content was calculated by subtracting total dry soil plus Petri dish weight from total wet soil plus Petri dish weight. Calculated moisture content was recorded in all samples across the two seasons for analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the treatment effect on soil moisture content in except for MS and CM+OP in both season one and season two in the green house. A combination of both organic and inorganic soil amendments like BT+OP, BT+ SHG had the highest moisture content. There was significant difference (p≤0.05) in the soil amendments effect on the amount of Micronutrients in the beginning and end of the experiement. Conclusion: Through this study, it was realized significant difference (p≤0.05) in the soil amendments effect on soil moisture content in all the treatment in both seasons. BT +SHG soil amendment was superior in maintaining soil moisture content in both season 1 and 2. It is therefore recommended that Metham sodium should not be applied in very dry soil to avoid reduction of the moisture content. There was micronutrient increment in all the treatments. BT+ SHG was superior soil amendment in increment of micronutrients.

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Morpho-Physiological and Molecular Evaluation of Drought and Recovery in Impatiens walleriana Grown Ex Vitro

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111559 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1559

Author(s):

Marija Đurić ◽

Angelina Subotić ◽

Ljiljana Prokić ◽

Milana Trifunović-Momčilov ◽

Aleksandar Cingel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Potential ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Proline Content ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Ex Vitro ◽

Drought Effect ◽

Impatiens Walleriana

This study was carried out to examine the drought effect on development, physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in Impatiens walleriana grown ex vitro. Experiment design included three treatments: Control plants—grown under optimal watering (35%–37% of soil moisture content), drought-stressed plants—non-irrigated to reach 15% and 5% of soil moisture content and recovery plants—rehydrated for four days to reach optimal soil moisture content. Drought reduced fresh weight, total leaf area, as well as dry weight of I. walleriana shoots. Drought up-regulated expression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 4 (NCED4) and abscisic aldehyde oxidase 2 (AAO2) and catabolic gene ABA 8′-hydroxylase 3 (ABA8ox3) which was followed by increased ABA content in the leaves. Decrement in water potential of shoots during the drought was not accompanied with increased amino acid proline content. We detected an increase in chlorophyll, carotenoid, total polyphenols and flavonols content under drought conditions, as well as malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH (1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase) throughout drought were also determined. Recovery treatment was significant for neutralizing drought effect on growth parameters, shoot water potential, proline content and genes expression.

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The effect of rainfall and extensive use of grasslands on water regime

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4205-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 89-95

Author(s):

R. Duffková

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Regime ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Growing Season ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Determinant Factor

 Water regimes of extensively used grasslands (one cut per year, two cuts per year, no cut, mulching) were determined and compared by drainage lysimeters in 1998–2000. Although the botanical composition and yields of experimental swards were different, there was no statistically significant difference in their water regime (only the soil moisture content of no-cut variant was significantly higher than in other variants). A determinant factor for the water regime of grasslands (GR) is the sum of rainfall over the growing season while the GR water regime is influenced by land use immediately after the cut. Water runoff from the soil profile 0.0–0.60 m (water supply to the groundwater level) was found to be negligible in the growing season, a substantial groundwater recharge occurs in an off-season period and/or at the beginning of growing season. Mulching was not proved to reduce evaporation. The best type of management providing for the economical water regime appears to be a one-cut variant. Relationships between botanical composition and GR water regime are also described.

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Ecological studies of hypogeous fungi. II. Sporocarp phenology in a western Oregon Douglas Fir stand

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b76-124 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 1152-1162 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Robert Fogel

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Total Weight ◽

Ecological Studies ◽

Hypogeous Fungi ◽

Moisture Effects ◽

Major Species

Sporocarp phenology of hypogeous or subterranean fruiting fleshy fungi was studied between March 1972 and March 1975 in a 40- to 65-year-old Douglas fir stand in western Oregon. Estimates of yearly productivity ranged from 11052 to 16753 sporocarps ha−1 and 2.3 to 5.4 kg dry weight ha−1. The productivity curve was bimodal as a result of temperature and moisture effects, with peaks in May–June and October. Eleven hypogeous ascomycete species and 13 hypogeous basidiomycete species were collected during the study. Major species that each accounted for 5% or more of the total weight were Tuber murinum, Hymenogaster parksii, Hysterangium crassum, H. separabile, and Truncocolumella citrina var. citrina. Sporocarp moisture content as determined for several species presumably varied with sporocarp age and soil moisture content and ranged from 17.4 to 88.6%. Hypogeous sporocarps had substantially higher macronutrient contents of N, P, and K plus the micronutrients Fe and Al than did epigeous sporocarps of Fomes pinicola. Sporocarp numbers increased exponentially with distance from nearest live Douglas fir stem to a peak at 160 to 200 cm, beyond which numbers dropped sharply. The optimum sporocarp zone was slightly less than the average midpoint between tree stems (205 cm).

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Design and Construction of a Soil Moisture Measuring

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jerr/2020/v16i417175 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

A. A. Ijah ◽

O. W. Bolaji ◽

O. O. Adedire ◽

J. Z. Emmanuel ◽

N. E. Onwuegbunam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Regression Coefficient ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Voltage Regulator ◽

Moisture Determination ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Design And Construction

A digital soil moisture reader was constructed and tested. It uses a lipo battery of 9v which was regulated to a constant 5v with the help of a voltage regulator 7805. The digital soil moisture reader developed was tested and the result obtained was compared with that obtained using the gravimetric method of determining soil moisture contents. In determining the soil moisture content, a certain quantity of soil was collected and a particular volume of water was added incrementally. The result shows that the soil moisture reader is accurate. The evaluation was carried out using the gravimetric method of soil moisture determination as a basis of comparison. Nine samples of 50g of soli were collected from Federal College of Forestry Mechanization Farm and a certain amount of water was added incrementally during the process of determining the soil moisture content. The soil reader was calibrated using the gravimetric method which shows a regression coefficient R^2 of 0.986 which indicates that the soil reader is accurate, sensitive and reliable.

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