Factors Related to Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain

The COVID-19 disease has forced governments to adopt exceptional measures. The lockdown decreed in Spain in 2020 required citizens to stay confined at home, which might have affected their mental health. The objective is to identify factors that influenced adults' mental health during this period. A sample of 3,508 adults from the Spanish general population completed an online survey that collected sociodemographic data and information about daily planning and activities, healthy habits, loneliness, coping humor and mental health. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. According to the results, the proposed model showed good fit values, and latent variables explained 30% of the variance in mental health. Loneliness, coping humor, healthy habits, age and gender had a significant weight in the prediction of mental health during lockdown. Area of residence, number of days of confinement and number of people in the household were not related to mental health. This study addresses the effect of COVID-19 and social distancing measures by identifying risk and protective factors for the development of mental health difficulties. There is a need to target specific and early interventions aimed at mitigating the psychological impact of the pandemic while increasing well-being, especially in more vulnerable groups.

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Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model

Career Development International ◽

10.1108/cdi-02-2015-0025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 446-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Wilmar B. Schaufeli

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Work Performance ◽

Online Survey ◽

Job Demands ◽

Well Being ◽

Organizational Outcomes ◽

Job Resources ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to integrate leadership into the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. Based on self-determination theory, it was argued that engaging leaders who inspire, strengthen, and connect their followers would reduce employee’s levels of burnout and increase their levels of work engagement. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was conducted among a representative sample of the Dutch workforce (n=1,213) and the research model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – It appeared that leadership only had an indirect effect on burnout and engagement – via job demands and job resources – but not a direct effect. Moreover, leadership also had a direct relationship with organizational outcomes such as employability, performance, and commitment. Research limitations/implications – The study used a cross-sectional design and all variables were based on self-reports. Hence, results should be replicated in a longitudinal study and using more objective measures (e.g. for work performance). Practical implications – Since engaged leaders, who inspire, strengthen, and connect their followers, provide a work context in which employees thrive, organizations are well advised to promote engaging leadership. Social implications – Leadership seems to be a crucial factor which has an indirect impact – via job demands and job resources – on employee well-being. Originality/value – The study demonstrates that engaging leadership can be integrated into the JD-R framework.

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Connecting Climate and Communicable Disease to Penta Helix Using Hierarchical Likelihood Structural Equation Modelling

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13040657 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 657

Author(s):

Rezzy Eko Caraka ◽

Maengseok Noh ◽

Rung-Ching Chen ◽

Youngjo Lee ◽

Prana Ugiana Gio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Variables ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Well Being ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Human Beings ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Hierarchical Likelihood

Design: Health issues throughout the sustainable development goals have also been integrated into one ultimate goal, which helps to ensure a healthy lifestyle as well as enhances well-being for any and all human beings of all social level. Meanwhile, regarding the clime change, we may take urgent action to its impacts. Purpose: Nowadays, climate change makes it much more difficult to control the pattern of diseases transmitted and sometimes hard to prevent. In line with this, Centres for Disease Control (CDC) Taiwan grouped the spread of disease through its source in the first six main groups. Those are food or waterborne, airborne or droplet, vector-borne, sexually transmitted or blood-borne, contact transmission, and miscellaneous. According to this, academics, government, and the private sector should work together and collaborate to maintain the health issue. This article examines and connects the climate and communicable aspects towards Penta-Helix in Taiwan. Finding: In summary, we have been addressing the knowledge center on the number of private companies throughout the health care sector, the number of healthcare facilities, and the education institutions widely recognized as Penta Helix. In addition, we used hierarchical likelihood structural equation modeling (HSEMs). All the relationship variables among climate, communicable disease, and Penta Helix can be interpreted through the latent variables with GoF 79.24%.

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Maternal Distress/Coping and Children's Adaptive Behaviors During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Mediation Through Children's Emotional Experience

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2020.587833 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Serena Petrocchi ◽

Annalisa Levante ◽

Federica Bianco ◽

Ilaria Castelli ◽

Flavia Lecciso

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Online Survey ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Distance Measures ◽

Maternal Distress ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

The Impact

The present study focused on the psychological impact that the lockdown due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) had on families in Italy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Italian government imposed a strict lockdown for all citizens. People were forced to stay at home, and the length of the lockdown was uncertain. Previous studies analyzed the impact of social distance measures on individuals' mental health, whereas few studies have examined the interplay between the adults' functioning, as parents, during this period and the association with the child's adjustment. The present study tested if maternal distress/coping predicts children's behaviors during the COVID-19 lockdown, hypothesizing a mediation effect via children's emotional experience. Participants were 144 mothers (Mage = 39.3, 25–52, SD = 5.6) with children aged 5–10 years (Mage = 7.54, SD = 1.6, 82 boys); mothers answered to an online survey. Results indicated that mothers with higher exposure to COVID-19 showed higher levels of distress and higher display of coping attitudes, even if in the structural equation modeling model, the COVID-19 exposure was not a predictor of mothers' distress. Compared with mothers with good coping skills, mothers with higher stress levels were more likely to attribute negative emotions to their children at the expense of their positive emotions. Moreover, children's emotions acted as mediators between maternal distress/coping and children's adaptive/maladaptive behaviors. In conclusion, it is important to support parents during pandemic emergence, by providing them with adequate information to manage the relationship with their children, to reduce their level of distress and to enhance their coping abilities.

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Mental Health and Well-Being During the First vs. Second COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Cyprus

European Journal of Psychology Open ◽

10.1024/2673-8627/a000008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (1-2) ◽

pp. 40-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danae Papageorgiou ◽

Angelos P. Kassianos ◽

Marios Constantinou ◽

Demetris Lamnisos ◽

Christiana Nicolaou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Online Survey ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Similar Survey ◽

Health And Well Being

Abstract. Introduction: Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries imposed strict governmental lockdowns. Research investigating the psychological impact of pandemic-induced lockdowns is accumulating, though to date no study has examined the psychological health and associated parameters of well-being in countries that underwent additional lockdowns as the pandemic continued into resurgence “waves.” Aim: The present study provides an overview of the psychological impact of COVID-19 across the two lockdowns in the Cypriot population. Methods: In total, 957 participants completed an online survey during the first lockdown, 134 of whom completed a similar survey again during the second lockdown. The outcomes assessed included stress, positive and negative affect, and well-being. Results: The results indicated no population-wide severe reactions in the participants. Repeated measures analyses showed similar mental health levels during both the first and the second lockdowns. Further inspection of participants’ scores indicated that, for all mental health variables, approximately half of the participants improved, while the other half deteriorated. Discussion: Perceived social support and psychological flexibility predicted most psychological outcomes during both lockdowns. Further research is necessary to understand the continuing effects of the pandemic and associated lockdowns on mental health.

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Lifestyle and Shiftwork: Designing and Testing a Model for Health Promotion of Iranian Nurses

Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association ◽

10.1177/1078390319886658 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 262-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamidreza Mokarami ◽

Tayebe Rahimi Pordanjani ◽

Ali Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi ◽

Fariba Kiani ◽

Mohammad Faridan

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Promotion ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Sleep Disturbances ◽

Well Being ◽

Chronic Fatigue ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Physical And Mental Health

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle is one factor that forms the nurses’ health, particularly those who work in shiftwork schedules. AIMS: The aim of this study was to design and test a model for health promotion of Iranian nurses. In this model, nurses’ lifestyle was considered as the precedent, physical and mental health as the outcomes, and sleep disturbance and chronic fatigue as the mediators. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling was conducted among 240 shiftworker nurses in Iran. The data collection was performed using the Persian versions of the Survey of Shiftworkers Questionnaire and Life Style Questionnaire. Bootstrap in Preacher and Hayes’ Macro program was used for testing mediation. RESULTS: Lifestyle had a weak significant direct effect on physical (β = 0.13, p < .04) and mental health (β = 0.12, p < .02), and it had a significant indirect effect on physical health via chronic fatigue (β = −0.11, p < .001) and sleep disturbance (β = −0.05, p < .01). This variable only had a significant indirect effect on mental health via chronic fatigue (β = −0.19, p < .001). The final model proposed a new significant path between sleep disturbances and chronic fatigue (β = 0.22, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the hospital officials can enhance the nurses’ physical and mental well-being by providing interventions and training courses on aspects of healthy lifestyles, such as physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and maintenance of body weight.

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Effect of Spiritually Dimensions on Martial Satisfaction

Global Journal of Enterprise Information System ◽

10.18311/gjeis/2017/15784 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Kamal Khurana

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Marital Quality ◽

Latent Variables ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Relationship With God ◽

Cross Sectional

Spiritually is an essential part of our physical and mental well-being. Spirituality dimensions also effects marital quality. This paper presents evidences that there exists a positive effect of spirituality dimensions on marital satisfaction. The results are proved through structural equation modeling among the latent variables- direct relationship with God, relationship with God through others and martial satisfaction- in a cross-sectional study of 382 married adults aged 18 to 48 years comprising of 225 males and 157 female respondents. Data was collected in Delhi NCR region through self-administrated questionnaire formulated through marital quality index (Norton, 1983)15 and daily spiritual scale (Underwood, 2002)19. Results of structural equation modeling suggest that there is a positive impact of spirituality dimensions on marital satisfaction.

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When altruists cannot help: The influence of altruism on mental health during COVID-19 pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-25715/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yi Feng ◽

Dan Dong ◽

Min Zong ◽

Zhizun Yang ◽

Zhihong Qiao

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Report ◽

Valuable Insight

Abstract Background The positive predictive effect of altruism on physical and psychological well-being has been extensively demonstrated in previous studies, but few studies have examined the effect of altruism on negative mental health outcomes when altruists cannot perform altruistic behaviors. This study explored the influence of altruism on negative affect and mental health (anxiety and depression) during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, when people self-isolated at home in China.Method: College students were recruited via a cross-sectional online survey during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China. Self-reported perceived risk, altruism, negative affect, anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using the Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRA), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 9-item PHQ depression scale (PHQ-9). A structural equation model was used to analyze the mediating and moderating effects on mental health.Results The final sample comprised 1346 Chinese participants (Mage = 19.76 ± 2.23 years, 73% female). Overall, the higher risk people perceived, the more negative affect they exhibited (β = 0.16, p < .001); thus, the more anxious and depressed they felt (β = 0.134, p < .001), but this relationship between risk perception and negative affect was moderated by altruism. Paradoxical to previous studies, the increase in negative affect associated with increased perceived risk was pronounced among individuals with high altruism ( t = 7.68, p < .001).Conclusions Individuals with high altruism exhibited more negative affect, indirectly increasing their anxiety and depressive symptoms. The findings enrich the theory of altruism and provide valuable insight into the influence of altruism on mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Stress of COVID-19, Anxiety, Economic Insecurity, and Mental Health Literacy: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yangxiu Hu ◽

Baojuan Ye ◽

Jiawen Tan

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Mental Health Literacy ◽

Well Being ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Economic Insecurity ◽

Chinese College Students ◽

Negatively Associated

The COVID-19 pandemic is currently a global health threat attributed to negatively affecting the mental health and well-being of people globally. The purpose of the current study is to examine the mediating roles of economic insecurity and mental health literacy in the relationship between stress about COVID-19 and anxiety. Results from the current study using a large sample of Chinese college students (N = 1,334) showed that stress of COVID-19 was positively associated with economic insecurity and anxiety while negatively associated with mental health literacy, which in turn was negatively associated with anxiety. These results elucidate our understanding of the role of mediators in stress about COVID-19 and anxiety. The findings are useful in terms of providing evidence for tailoring interventions and implementing preventative approaches to mitigate anxiety due to stress of COVID-19. Based on the present findings and within the context of COVID-19, the potential utility of promoting MHL to reduce the psychopathological consequences of COVID-19 is discussed.

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Mental Health and Psychological Impact during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Survey of Portuguese Higher Education Students

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19010337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 337

Author(s):

Carlos Laranjeira ◽

Maria Anjos Dixe ◽

Olga Valentim ◽

Zaida Charepe ◽

Ana Querido

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Higher Education ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Poor Mental Health ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Education Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Portuguese Higher Education

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant psychological impact on vulnerable groups, particularly students. The present study aims to investigate the mental and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors in a sample of Portuguese higher education students. An online cross-sectional study was conducted among 1522 higher education students selected by convenience sampling. The survey assessed mental health symptoms as well as sociodemographic variables, health-related perceptions, and psychological factors. Results were fitted to binary and multivariable logistic regression models. The overall prevalences of stress, anxiety, and depression were 35.7%, 36.2%, and 28.5%, respectively. Poor mental health outcomes were related with being female, having no children, living with someone with chronic disease, facing hopelessness, and lacking resilient coping. Future studies focusing on better ways to promote mental health and wellbeing among students are warranted. It is necessary to gather more evidence on the post-pandemic mental health using robust study designs and standardized assessment tools.

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Impact of Perceived Severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) on Mental Health of University Students of Pakistan: The Mediating Role of Muslim Religiosity

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.560059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Saleem ◽

Abou Bakar ◽

Areeha Khan Durrani ◽

Zubair Manzoor

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Severity ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Muslim Religiosity ◽

The Impact

Background: Perceived severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) is known to be associated with mental health of people in general and health professionals in particular in Western societies. However, its association with the mental health of students in Pakistan, which is predominantly a Muslim society, remains unclear so far. Moreover, the role of Muslim religiosity for such an association has not yet been investigated. We aimed to examine the association and report findings on the impact of perceived severity on mental health with a sample of students from all five provinces of Pakistan.Methods: We did a cross-sectional online survey from 1,525 Pakistani students in March 2020 using standardized measurement tools. We then determined the prevalence of perceived severity among students and its impact on their mental health. The strength of associations between these variables was estimated using generalized linear models, with appropriate distribution and link functions. Structural equation modeling through SmartPLS (3.0) software was utilized to analyze the results.Findings: The perceived severity of COVID-19 is significantly associated with mental health of Pakistani students, whereas Muslim religiosity is a strong mediator between perceived severity and mental health of Pakistani students.Conclusions: Though the perceived severity of COVID-19 is associated with mental health, this relationship can be better explained by the role of Muslim religiosity. When tested individually, the perceived severity accounted for only 18% variance in mental health that increased up to 57% by the mediating role of Muslim religiosity. This difference clearly indicates the mediating role of Muslim religiosity in the association between perceived severity and mental health for Pakistani students.

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