scholarly journals The Lutheran Imaginary That Underpins Social Democracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Democracy ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Happy People ◽  
Income Equality ◽  
Nordic Region ◽  
Strong State ◽  
Cultural Imaginary ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Scandinavian social democracy is increasingly upheld as an alternative that could reform capitalism. The Nordic Model produces income equality, low-conflict politics, and happy people. When half of young Americans express that they would prefer “socialism,” they generally mean to live in a society that provides for its citizens as the Nordics do. Such aspirations are complicated by how social democracy can be viewed as a secularized form of Lutheranism, the Protestant creed that the Nordic region embraced in the 16th century. Lutheran norms and values carried into the modern era and made possible social democracy's two distinguishing features: fascist corporatism and socialist redistribution. A strong state facilitates statist individualism, which empowers individuals vis-à-vis employers, parents, and spouses. The outcome could be cross-culturally salient, as it brings people closer to our species' fission-fusion baseline. Yet in the modern environment, only Nordics seem to have a cultural imaginary that makes compelling the politics that drive such high levels of both productivity and egalitarianism. The region's storytelling reflects this Lutheran past and is used to negotiate modern adaptations. A better understanding of social democracy could help prevent that demands for “socialism” motivate a turn to actual socialism.

scholarly journals Education and Social Integration: a comparative study of the comprehensive school system in Scandinavia

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Wiborg
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
School System ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Strong State ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Grade One

The purpose of this article is to outline a framework of explanation of the unique tradition of comprehensive schooling in Scandinavia. All the countries developed an all-through system of education from grade one to nine/ten with mixed ability classes for nearly all. This all-through system of education is a product of a long historical development. It will be argued that four factors shaped this development: strong state involvement, a relative egalitarian class structure, powerful Liberal Party and a strong Social Democracy.

The Equalization of Effective Communicative Freedom: Democratic Justice in the Constitutional State and Beyond

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Action ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Critical Social Theory ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
Emancipatory Politics ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Late Modern

The fundamental political concern of liberalism has been to secure equal liberties for all citizens. There has, however, been no agreement among liberals on the extent to which this project depends, both normatively and practically, on the democratization of society. Socialism, on the other hand, has been fundamentally concerned with the realization of emancipated forms of life. But socialists too have disagreed with one another on the extent to which political structures of democratic self-government are central to the revolutionary task of emancipation. Social democracy, as a tradition, has involved the attempt to show how these core political projects of the modern era, liberalism and socialism, are mutually interdependent. The most appropriate emancipatory project for late modern, increasingly complex societies, from a social-democratic perspective is to create and maintain a social structure that can deliver equal and effective liberties for all citizens. This achievement is to be best understood in republican terms, as the realization of a democratic form of life in which free and equal citizens engage one another in the collective task of autonomous self-governance. Jürgen Habermas has been one of the most significant intellectual contributors to the development of the idea of social democracy as an emancipatory project. Over several decades from the early 1960s to the present, Habermas has set about recasting critical social theory in terms of a theory of communicative action. The main legal and political implications of this critical perspective are outlined in his discourse theory of democracy Habermas considers the realization of rights through the democratic self-organization of legal communities to be the normative core of emancipatory politics in the modern era.

scholarly journals Income Equalization Does Not Confer Net Social Benefits

Ekonomia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Walter E. Block ◽  
Jonathan Lingenfelter ◽  
Lucas M. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Income Equality ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Interpersonal Utility Comparisons

Income Equalization Does Not Confer Social Benefits In the modern era, there is much wailing and gnashing of teeth about income and wealth disparities. The premise upon which these complaints are based is that egalitarianism is an unambiguous good, and that any and all steps would be taken to reduce gaps between the wealthy and the poor. The present paper is an attempt to right this imbalance; it makes the case that income and wealth differences should be neutral with regard to public policy: they should not be artificially increased or reduced. This view is defended on both economic and ethical grounds. On the economic side, the impossibility of interpersonal utility comparisons, the existence of loss aversion, questions about productivity responses to redistribution, and the undeniable reality of bureaucratic costs all call into question the wisdom of income redistribution. On the ethical side, a rights-based approach calls into question the egalitarian basis for income redistribution policies. In the end, income equality or inequality falls outside the realm of valid policy concerns.

The Politics of Symbols, Semantics, and Sentiments in the Weimar Republic

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Canning
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
Liberal Democrats ◽  
The People ◽  
German People ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Contests over the term politics, over the boundaries that distinguished politics from non-politics, were one of the distinguishing features of the Weimar Republic. Not only did the disciplines of history, philosophy, law, sociology, and pedagogy each define this boundary in different terms, but participants in the debate also distinguished between ideal and real politics, politics at the level of state, and the dissemination of politics through society and citizenry. The fact that Weimar began with a revolution, the abdication of the Kaiser, and military defeat meant an eruption of politicization in 1918–19, whereby political organs of state and civil society sought in unprecedented fashion to draw Germans into parties and parliaments, associations, and activist societies. “The German people would still consist of ninety percent unpolitical people, if Social Democracy had not become a political school for the people,” Otto Braun claimed in Vorwärts in 1925. Politics and politicization generated not only political acts—votes, strikes, and vocal demonstrations—but also cultural milieus of Socialists and Communists, Catholics and liberal Democrats, nationalists, and eventually Nazis. In Weimar Germany there was little room for the “unpolitical” citizen of the prewar era, held up as a model in a famous tract of 1918 by Thomas Mann.

scholarly journals Tafsîr Khuluqun ‘Adzîm: A Methodological Studies

Refleksi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Saadatul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Methodological Studies

Since 16th century until the recent age, study commentary is increasing gradually in Indonesia. It was characterized by the spirit of produce commentaries from scholars of Indonesia (pre-modern) such as works of Abd al-Raûf al-Sinkilî (Tarjumân al-Mustafid), Syaikh Nawawî (Tafsir Maraẖ Labid) and Aẖmad Sanusî (Tafsir al-Qurân al-Karîm), and modern era explicitly Quraish Shihab (Tafsir al-Misbah) and Didin Hafidhudddin (Tafsir al-Hijri). On the other hand, Quranic exegesis is magnetizing the modern society, academia, and the government. Two things are a sign that Indonesia necessitates developing new outlooks contained in the works of interpretation, so the view of Indonesian society are to be more extensive and varied without being limited by one of his Indonesian commentators. Yunan Yusûf , one of the Indonesian Muslim philosopher, within Tafsir Khuluqun 'Adzîm endeavors coloring Indonesian elucidation by creating distinctive work that is an interpretation of the Quran from the short chapters (Madanî) to the extended chapters (Makî). This article discovers specifically the explanation of the al-Mulk to find a methodology, sources, references and pattern of his works.  This paper depicts qualitative method with the analytical comparative approach through the two references commentaries Indonesia Tafsîr al-Azhâr and al-Miṣbah. Yunan interprets the Quran critically and decisively utilizing the color philosophy. He is able to convey the message of the Qur'an by using the correlation of the Quran (munâsabah al-Qurân bi al-Qurân) either on his work title or his clarification content. This article concludes that the better sources is preferred the more authentic the exegesis is and the more dominant the type of commentaries is the more pattern work is.

scholarly journals THE VISION OF THE CHILDHOOD IN THE CODES OF THE URBAN LAW IN THE RZECZPOSPOLITA IN XVI - EARLY XVII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Tetiana Hoshko
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

As the people of the Middle Ages thought in symbolic categories, this symbolism was imposed on the notion of human life. In Europe, it had a distinct Christian colouration and was associated with the symbolism of numbers. This was reflected as well in the idea of the stages of human life, the number of which ranged from three to seven. Childhood, which was the first in this scheme, lasted from birth to adolescence, that is until reaching puberty. For the medieval people who thought concretely, just tangible things were important. It is not surprising, therefore, that the notion of attaining adulthood was not so much based on the formal number of years as on the real external physiological features. However, over time, such a ‘visual’ determination of the age of the personrecedes into the background.Childhood has been linked to a guardianship that has received much attention in the city law codes of the early modern period. Anyone who could not manage their lives and property could count on it.In the Middle Ages, childhood had no place, and until the 12th century, children were hardly depicted. The appearance of the post-mortem images of children in the 16th century was evidence of a change in the emotional attitude to them. This change was reflected in the city law codes of the late 16th century. They protected the right of a child to life and property, even of the unborn or born but not survived child. The born and baptized child was already a complete person with soul and likeness of God.The German town law protected children from too severe punishment, first of all from execution. It was believed that before reaching a certain age the children were unconscious creatures, so they could not deliberately commit crimes. And punishment to death was unacceptable for unconscious wrongdoing. The city law codes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 16th and early 17th centuries reflected the evolution of ideas about childhood from the late Middle Ages to the early modern era. Although they refer to the legal norms of previous epochs, they contain many provisions which appeared under the influence of Humanism and the Reformation. As a result of deeper Christianization of morality at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern era, a new attitude to childhood appears, as to a special and important stage in human life. Therefore, as of the 16th century, there were special articles about children in legal codes. The city law begins to protect the interests of children by considering various aspects, in particular, the rights of the unborn but conceived child, of the children of ‘righteous bed’, orphans, etc., the children’s property interests, their lives and future.

Spies and Espionage in the Iberian Atlantic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Comissoli
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The State ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Independence Movements

The monarchies of the Iberian Peninsula—Spain and Portugal—formed large multicontinental empires in the 16th century, which lasted until the beginning of the 19th, when independence movements divided them into various nations in the Americas. The functioning of these political constructs depended to a great extent on the capacity to create channels of communication that allowed information to be frequently and reliably transmitted and received. In turn, the progressive development of information policies was linked to the strengthening of the powers of monarchs and those close to them, which implies that one of the elements affirming the state during the modern era was its capacity to administer communication among its various agents. This was made concrete through the development of diplomacy and intelligence systems, including espionage. More than marginal and isolated actions, the use of spies and infiltrated informers in rival states was a recurrent instrument throughout the period and counted on the knowledge and agreement of the Iberian kings and their ministers. Although it is a research field that is still little visited, there has been a growth in research on the modern period, showing that societies were thirsty for information and looked for it to calculate ways of defending and strengthening the Portuguese and Spanish kingdoms.

Delirium: How Its Concept Has Developed

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew J. Lipowski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

The development of the concept of delirium spans nearly 2,500 years. Its core clinical features were recognized at least as early as the 16th century, while its management reflected a humane approach from the beginning of the modern era. In the 19th century delirium became linked with the concepts of disordered consciousness and confusion, but these two terms were also used in regard to certain functional mental disorders. The most important contribution in this century was the work of Engel, Romano, and associates, who postulated that the syndrome was due to reduction in brain metabolic rate, as reflected in slowing of the EEG background activity. These and other developments are discussed in this article. A list of proposed research priorities is included.

scholarly journals Conversaçiones de Música a finals del segle XVI: el cas de l’acadèmia de Joan de Borja i Castro

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Ferran Escrivà-Llorca
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Multiple Variants ◽  
Tomas Luis De Victoria

Resum: Aquest article s’insereix dins del conjunt d’investigacions sobre la Cort dels Habsburgs. L’estudi de les acadèmies musicals és poc conegut. A partir d’algunes investigacions sobre acadèmies literàries, l’article focalitzarà en l’acadèmia musical que Joan de Borja i Castro tenia a Madrid. En aquest sentit, si el mecenatge literari cortesà ja és un tema amb múltiples variants, l’aproximació al patrocini d’altres activitats artístiques, com el cas de la música, ho és encara més. En les següents pàgines s’aprofundirà en les diverses facetes erudites de Joan de Borja amb el fil conductor de les acadèmies, com a centre d’intel·lectualitat, de creació i promoció cultural i també personal. Per aquesta acadèmia van passar alguns dels personatges del món musical ibèric més important de l’època com Francisco Guerrero o Tomás Luis de Victoria. Aquest article pretén mostrar la importància d’aquesta acadèmia com un punt neuràlgic del mecenatge musical de les darreres dècades del segle XVI.   Paraules clau: Joan de Borja, Borja, acadèmies, Habsburgs, Música, Madrid   Abstract: This work is part of the research on The Court of Habsburg in Modern Era. The study of music academies is not quite known. From few works on literary academies, this article will focus on the music academy that of Juan de Borja i Castro hold in Madrid. In this way, if the courtly literary patronage is already an issue with multiple variants, the approach to other artistic activities, such as the music, it is even more. In the following pages, it will delve into the various aspects of erudition of Juan de Borja with the thread of the academies, as a centre of intellectual, creative and cultural promotion and personal. Some of the most important composers of the Iberian World of that time, such as Francisco Guerrero or Tomás Luis de Victoria, were involved in this academy. The article aims to show the relevance of this cenacle as a focal point of the musical patronage in the last decades of the 16th century Spain. Keywords: Joan de Borja, Borja, academies, Habsburgs, Music, Madrid

scholarly journals Eksistensi Tradisi Masyarakat Samin Kabupaten Bojonegoro di Era Modern

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Agus Danugroho
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Traditional Leaders ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Modern Era

Traditions that run in society contain norms and values that become part of a group of nations and their supporters. The socialization activities were held for the sake of appreciation of the tradition by each of the supporting communities. One element of tradition in a culture is belief in the form of religion and symbols in it. Samin can be said to be a form of community that is still developing in Java, especially in East Java and Central Java. One of them is the Samin community which is still developing until now in the Japanese Hamlet, Margomulyo Village, Margomulyo District, Bojonegoro Regency. This study raised the existence of the tradition of the Samin Bojonegoro community in this modern era. This is expected to add insight to the readers and especially the local Bojonegoro community to respect and preserve the traditions of their ancestors and not forget the local identity of the region. This study uses historical methods that have heuristic stages, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. This is because this research is related to the object to be studied, namely in the form of history and traditions that exist in the community which can only be explained through descriptions. This research is closely related to the process of collecting primary and secondary data. Primary sources are used in the form of documents, literature studies, observations and interviews with traditional leaders, organizers, and communities directly related. In addition, secondary sources are used in the form of previous research and literature. This research resulted in the existence of the tradition of the Samin community in the Bojonegoro region in this modern era.   Keywords: Existensi, Tradition, Samin, Bojonegoro.

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