scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Mating Induction on Men’s Financial Risk-Taking: Relationship Experience Matters

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Zhuanzhuan Wang ◽  
Anrun Zhu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Cai Xing
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Substantial evidence from experimental studies has shown that mating motivation increases men’s financial risk-taking behaviors. The present study proposed a new moderator, men’s past relationship experience, for this well-accepted link between mating motivation and financial risk-taking tendency. Heterosexual young men were randomly assigned to the mating condition and control condition, and they completed a set of financial risk-taking tasks and reported their past relationship experience. A significant main effect of mating motivation and a significant interaction effect between experimental conditions (mating group and control group) and relationship experience emerged, suggesting that mating motivation increased financial risk-taking tendency only among men who have never been committed in a romantic relationship, rather than those who have had such experience. This moderating effect was replicated in two experiments. The present study contributed to the understanding of individual differences in the relationship between mating motivation and male financial risk-taking. The present findings also have important implications for financial industry and gambling companies to better target clients and advertise their high-risk products.

Prosocial Behaviors in Emergencies: Mating Motive Changes Men and Women’s Heroic Helping Tendencies Differently

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Xing ◽  
Tingting Liu ◽  
Xi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Costly Signaling ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
And Control

It has been well documented that men are much more likely to provide heroic assistance in emergencies (Johnson, 1996). However, such heroic rescue disobeys the theory of evolution (Darwin, 1871). Studies investigated charitable donations suggested that public prosocial behaviors might be considered as costly signaling behaviors, serving the function of displaying one’s wealth and generosity, with the ultimate goal of attracting potential mates (Griskevicius et al., 2007). Although heroic rescue meets the four criteria of costly signaling behaviors, there was no direct evidence supporting the notion that heroic rescue, like public charity, also serves the function of attracting potential mates. The present study directly tests this possibility by examining the effect of mating motivation on men and women’s heroic rescue tendencies in emergent situations. The present study used a 2 (gender: male vs. female) × 2 (mating motivation induction vs. control condition) study design, and participants (N = 196, 90 males and 106 females; Mage = 22.36, SD = 2.89) were randomly assigned to the mating condition and control condition. In line with the previous studies (Durante & Li, 2009; Griskevicius et al., 2007; Hill & Durante, 2011; Roney, 2003; Wilson & Daly, 2004), mating motivation was induced by photographs of highly attractive opposite sex. Then, heroic rescue tendencies were measured by the questionnaire of Griskevicius et al. (2007), which consisted of five emergent situations. Participants’ risk-taking tendencies on financial decisions were also measured by a 10-item questionnaire developed by Liu (2010). The total scores of each of these two questionnaires served as the dependent variables. The results of the experiments showed a significant interaction between gender and mating priming on heroic behaviors: after mating motivation induction, male participants showed higher intentions of heroic rescue, whereas female participants showed lower intentions of heroic rescue. The present study also replicated previous findings (McAlvanah, 2009; Li & Zhang, 2010) regarding the effect of mating motivation priming on financial risk taking: mating motivation induction increased risk-taking tendency in financial decisions, males tend to be more risk seeking in making financial decisions, and there was no significant interaction between gender and mating priming on financial risk-taking decisions. Results from the financial decisions further confirmed the representativeness of the sample recruited in the current study and further validated the results on heroic behaviors. Based on the Costly Signaling Theory (Smith & Bird, 2001), these results concurred with the hypotheses that heroic behaviors served the function of displaying men’s advantages, such as vigor and responsibility, to potential mates and winning the intersexual selection (Farthing, 2005; Kelly & Dunbar, 2001). However, for women, the high-risk of heroic behaviors have potential harm to their offspring and are unattractive to men (Taylor et al., 2000). Thus, after eliciting the mating motivation, women would avoid the risk and reduced their intentions to offer heroic rescue in emergencies.

Can Shariah board characteristics influence risk-taking behavior of Islamic banks?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal AlAbbad ◽  
M. Kabir Hassan ◽  
Irum Saba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Supervisory Board ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Asset Return ◽  
Board Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study whether the characteristics of the Shariah Supervisory Board (SSB) can influence the risk-taking behaviors of Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach The data on governance were collected from 70 Islamic banks’ annual reports across 18 countries for the period from 2000 to 2011 to investigate the relationship between SSB’s characteristics including size, busyness and foreign board and the Islamic banks’ risk activities. Findings The size of SSB and the proportion of busy board in SSB positively and significantly influence Islamic banks’ asset return and insolvency risks. Foreign members are more effective in monitoring banks’ Shariah compliance. Further analysis provides some evidence that most of the findings on the associations between the SSB structure and bank risk are derived from countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council where Shariah governance is ruled internally at the bank level. Practical implications There is a need for better Shariah board characteristics in place that complement with other governance mechanisms to well comprehend the main purpose of Islamic banks. Originality/value SSB board busyness and foreign characteristics appear to influence the risk-taking behaviors of Islamic banks.

scholarly journals Model analysis of the relationship between intracellular Po2 and energy demand in skeletal muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (11) ◽  
pp. R1110-R1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Spires ◽  
L. Bruce Gladden ◽  
Bruno Grassi ◽  
Gerald M. Saidel ◽  
Nicola Lai
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Main Factor

On the basis of experimental studies, the intracellular O2 (iPo2)-work rate (WR) relationship in skeletal muscle is not unique. One study found that iPo2 reached a plateau at 60% of maximal WR, while another found that iPo2 decreased linearly at higher WR, inferring capillary permeability-surface area ( PS) and blood-tissue O2 gradient, respectively, as alternative dominant factors for determining O2 diffusion changes during exercise. This relationship is affected by several factors, including O2 delivery and oxidative and glycolytic capacities of the muscle. In this study, these factors are examined using a mechanistic, mathematical model to analyze experimental data from contracting skeletal muscle and predict the effects of muscle contraction on O2 transport, glycogenolysis, and iPo2. The model describes convection, O2 diffusion, and cellular metabolism, including anaerobic glycogenolysis. Consequently, the model simulates iPo2 in response to muscle contraction under a variety of experimental conditions. The model was validated by comparison of simulations of O2 uptake with corresponding experimental responses of electrically stimulated canine muscle under different O2 content, blood flow, and contraction intensities. The model allows hypothetical variation of PS, glycogenolytic capacity, and blood flow and predictions of the distinctive effects of these factors on the iPo2-contraction intensity relationship in canine muscle. Although PS is the main factor regulating O2 diffusion rate, model simulations indicate that PS and O2 gradient have essential roles, depending on the specific conditions. Furthermore, the model predicts that different convection and diffusion patterns and metabolic factors may be responsible for different iPo2-WR relationships in humans.

Enhanced methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in risk-taking rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Takahashi ◽  
Michimasa Toyoshima ◽  
Yukio Ichitani ◽  
Kazuo Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Preference Score ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
High Reward ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Reinstatement Test

Patients with psychiatric disorders, such as gambling and substance use, tend to exhibit maladaptive decision-making. In this study, we assessed individual differences in risk-taking behaviors using a rat gambling task (GT) and investigated the relationship between risk-taking behaviors and vulnerability to drug dependence using methamphetamine (METH)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). In the GT using a radial arm maze, male Long-Evans rats were trained to choose one of three choice arms (a low-risk/low-reward (L-L), a high-risk/high-reward (H-H), and an empty arm) in 16 trials per day for 14 days. METH-induced CPP consisted of 6 sessions: habituation, conditioning, preference test (Test I), extinction, extinction test (Test II), and reinstatement test (Test III). Results demonstrated that the percentage of choosing the H-H arm was significantly positively correlated with the preference score for the METH-paired compartment in the preference test, but not with the extinction and reinstatement tests, suggesting that risk-taking rats are more vulnerable to drug dependence.

scholarly journals Masculine Gender Norms and Adverse Workplace Safety Outcomes: The Role of Sexual Orientation and Risky Safety Behaviors

Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Christopher Austin ◽  
Tahira M. Probst
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Safety Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Masculine Gender

The current study tested the proposition that higher conformity to masculine gender norms (CMGN) is associated with increased safety risk-taking behaviors, which in turn are related to more accidents, injuries, and higher levels of accident underreporting. Additionally, we proposed that sexual minority status would exacerbate the relationship between conformity to masculine gender norms and safety risk-taking behaviors. Using two-wave lagged survey data obtained from N = 403 working adults, findings supported the proposed moderated-mediation model. High conformity to masculine gender norms was associated with increased safety risk-taking behaviors, accidents, injuries, and accident underreporting. Moreover, the relationship between CMGN and safety-risk-taking behaviors was stronger among homosexual men compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Additionally, safety risk-taking behaviors mediated the relationship between CMGN and safety outcomes. Finally, this indirect effect was stronger among homosexual men. Combined, these findings suggest that CMGN adversely impacts employee safety outcomes via safety-related risk-taking. We discuss these implications as well as the need for interventions designed to decrease risk taking behaviors in light of CMGN, particularly among sexual minorities.

Child, Adolescent, and Adult Development

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Slater ◽  
Katharine A. Stratigos ◽  
Janis L. Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Ego Functions ◽  
Secondary Sex Characteristics ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

The development of children and adolescents is characterized by abrupt discontinuities as well as continuous aspects of behavior such as individual temperament. The crucial task of the first year of life is the development and solidification of the attachment between infant and caretaker. Toddlers and adolescents tend to experience intense conflicts around autonomy and control that become resolved as they progress in the process of separation-individuation. The tasks of middle childhood include developing a sustained sense of mastery and competence, morality, and stable self-esteem; as ego functions grow and consolidate, children become increasingly able to tolerate frustration and delays in the gratification of their wishes and desires. Adolescence begins with puberty, the period of sexual maturation in which the primary sex organs develop and become capable of reproduction and secondary sex characteristics appear. Although adolescents tend to engage in risk-taking behaviors, the majority of adolescents maintain normal academic and social functioning; an adolescent whose rebelliousness includes severe disturbances in conduct, mood, or drug abuse should be evaluated for possible psychopathology requiring treatment. The main social developmental tasks for adults take place in the realms of work and intimate relationships.

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