scholarly journals Evolution and Features of China’s Central Government Funding System for Basic Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruhan Bai ◽  
Cong Wu ◽  
Kejia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Funding System ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Reform And Opening Up

Basic research is believed to be a crucial factor for building national innovation capacity and therefore was perceived as a key battleground for national technological and economic competition. Since the economic reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has made great achievements in building up its national research system. However, the lacking capabilities to conduct ground-breaking scientific work remain one of the daunting challenges for the country. How to restructure its funding system for basic research so to reinvigorate its indigenous innovation capacity has been one of the main concerns for the Chinese government in recent years. To address this, the paper proposes a conceptual framework to analyze how China’s central government funding system for basic research has evolved since 1985. The paper concludes with a discussion of the identified problems and challenges that China is facing in its current funding system for basic research.

scholarly journals Does the Attention of the Chinese Government Influence Chinese Nutrition, Exercise, and Health? Based on the Content Analysis of the Central Government Work Reports From 1978 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenpeng Zhang ◽  
Yuomei Zhou ◽  
Jingzhan Li ◽  
Tingting Zeng ◽  
Jinlian Liao
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Level ◽  
Government Work ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Sports Venues ◽  
Reform And Opening Up

The attention of the Chinese government on nutrition, exercise, and health refers to the attention degree of the Central Government to the nutrition, exercise, and health of Chinese nationals and reflects whether Central Government attach importance to Chinese nationals' nutrition, exercise and health or not and the distribution of resources, which influence the physical quality and health level of Chinese nationals. Based on the attention theory and attention distribution proposed by Herbert Simon, Dai Kai, et al., this study took 43 Central Government Work Reports from 1978 to 2020 as research samples, used literature reviews, and textual analysis methods, and applied the Nvivo12.0 software to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses about the contents of the Central Government Work Report concerning the nutrition, exercise, and health of Chinese nationals. This research found the following: (1) There has been a relatively huge overall change in the attention of the Central Government, that is, the level of attention, to the nutrition, exercise, and health of Chinese nationals from 1978 to 2020, and the policies related to nutrition, exercise and health of Chinese nationals issued by the Central Government have been growing faster. (2) The income level of the urban and rural residents, the total production of various types of food, dietary structure, the total number of medical and health institutions, the average life expectancy of the Chinese population, and the number of sports venues have been constantly increasing since the reform and opening up, which has effectively promoted the improvement of the nutrition, exercise and health level of Chinese nationals, and it cannot be achieved without the attention and support of the Central Government. However, the change in the lifestyle of Chinese nationals has led to the growth of the modern “Civilization Disease,” which is also an important issue that the Central Government needs to handle urgently.

scholarly journals Patterns of Agricultural Diversification in China and Its Policy Implications for Agricultural Modernization

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4978
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Agricultural Modernization ◽  
Agricultural Diversification ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Chinese Agriculture ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Central South ◽  
Opening Up

Based on the value of agricultural farm products produced by different subsectors in China, the foregoing analysis reveals the dynamic character of agricultural diversification by which, this study seeks to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese agriculture through a quantitative study of agricultural diversification at both national and provincial levels. In the initial stages of reform and opening up, the degree of agricultural diversification in the southwest was relatively high; then the center of agricultural diversification gradually moved to the southeast of China; finally, the degree of agricultural diversification in the economically developed eastern provinces was obviously higher than those in other regions in 2019. It was seen that some provinces in the eastern and central south regions moved toward increasing diversification in one direction, and other provinces changed direction, first moving toward diversification and later toward concentration or vice versa. These oscillations implied that there was a cyclic tendency of agricultural diversification along with an increase in per capita GDP. Generally speaking, the patterns of diversification differed across regions due to diversified agricultural subsectors resulting from different natural and socio-economic circumstances. In particular, in less developed regions with lower agricultural diversification levels, farming agriculture persistently dominated the leading position with relatively more resistance to modernizing trends in other aspects of agriculture. It is urgent for the Chinese government to figure out ways off reconciling agricultural productivity with environmental quality through the ecological intensification of agriculture.

scholarly journals The Effects of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” and “31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan” on the Development of Taiwanese Enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Hsiung-Shen Jung ◽  
Jui-Lung Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The People ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Opening Up

China has achieved rapid economic growth and become involved in the economic globalization through its policy of reform and opening-up and modernization. It has attracted much investment from lots of Taiwanese enterprises, including some small and medium-sized enterprises featuring a high labor cost and facing difficult operation in the traditional industries. Thanks to the policy, many Taiwanese enterprises have got a chance to rebirth by transforming their crises into opportunities. With the implementation of the policy of urbanization, the people from rural areas in China have been moving to urban areas, and the enterprises of the second and third industries have been concentrating in cities. This has not only fueled the livelihood-oriented consumption in China but also expanded the domestic demand market of the Taiwanese medium and large-sized livelihood enterprises in China. The Belt and Road trade foundation construction program, which aims to link Europe, Asia and Africa and was proposed in 2013, is an extension of the Great Development of Western Part of China and offers Taiwanese enterprises a chance to get fully involved in the development of the international market. The 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan announced by the Chinese government in February 2018 has significant influence on the future development of the Taiwanese enterprises in China. Therefore, this paper will elaborate on the effects of the Belt and Road and the 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan on the Taiwanese enterprises.

Constructing the Knowledge Society

2014 ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
Li Wengang ◽  
Chen Yulai ◽  
Guo Jia
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Fresh Impetus ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Since the Reform and Opening up in the late 1970s, China has been seeking an innovation-driven knowledge society. In the past decade, the central government and local governments took effective measures to quicken China's steps towards a knowledge society. In the recent 18th National Congress of the CPC, reform and innovation was highly emphasized to give fresh impetus to knowledge society building. Within the context of increasing globalization and Africa-China long-lasting friendship and cooperation, China and African countries can learn from each other in knowledge society construction. As the second largest economy in the world, China is playing an increasing role in knowledge society construction in Africa. Can Africa learn from China's experiences? This chapter provides some answers to this query.

Standards Development as Hybridization and Capacity Building

2015 ◽  
pp. 211-224
Author(s):  
Xiaobai Shen ◽  
Ian Graham ◽  
Robin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The West ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
National Systems

While users in the rest of the world have been offered 3G mobile phones based on either the CDMA2000 or W-CDMA standards, users in China have the additional option of using phones based on the TD-SCDMA standard. As a technology largely developed by Chinese actors and only implemented in China, TD-SCDMA has been seen as an “indigenous innovation” orchestrated by the Chinese government and supported by Chinese firms. China's support for TD-SCDMA was widely viewed in the West as a ploy to keep the “global” 3G standards, W-CDMA and CDMA2000, out of China, but in 2009, the Chinese government licensed the operation of all three standards. The authors argue that Chinese support for TD-SCDMA, rather than being a defensive move, was a proactive policy to use the TD-SCDMA standard to develop Chinese industrial capacity, which could then be fed back into the global processes developing later generations of telecommunications standards. Rather than being an indigenous Chinese technology, TD-SCDMA's history exemplifies how standards and the intellectual property and technological know-how embedded in them lead to a complex hybridization between the global and national systems of innovation.

scholarly journals Funding system reform for excellence in science: an interview with Jinghai Li, President of NSFC

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghe Zhou ◽  
Weijie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Funding System ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
Excellence In Science ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Abstract The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is the major funding agency for China's basic research in natural science. The total budget for NSFC was 26.7 billion Yuan (RMB) in 2017, accounting for 27% of China's total investment in basic research. In the past decades, continuous increases in the National Natural Science Fund and other funding programs provided strong support for the rapid growth in China's science and technology (S&T). In the second half of 2018, NSFC unveiled a deep reform plan that aims to build a fair, efficient and standardized new funding system that meets the demands of excellence in science in the twenty-first century in 5–10 years. Why did NSFC propose this reform? What are the major tasks of this reform? And how would NSFC implement this reform? All-in-all, this reform would not only have profound effect on S&T in China but also matters the world for the global collaborative efforts for the science. Recently, National Science Review had an exclusive interview with Jinghai Li, President of NSFC and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to learn his views and perspectives of the future of NSFC.

Standards Development as Hybridization

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobai Shen ◽  
Ian Graham ◽  
James Stewart ◽  
Robin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
National Systems Of Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
National Systems ◽  
Additional Option

While users in the rest of the World have been offered 3G mobile phones based on either the CDMA2000 or W-CDMA standards, users in China have the additional option of using phones based on the TD-SCDMA standard. As a technology largely developed by Chinese actors and only implemented in China, TD-SCDMA has been seen as an “indigenous innovation” orchestrated by the Chinese government and supported by Chinese firms. This paper adopts a science and technology studies (STS) framework to explore how global and national institutional and social elements have been embedded in and impacted on the artifacts of TD-SCDMA technology. Rather than being an indigenous Chinese technology, TD-SCDMA’s history exemplifies how standards and the intellectual property embedded in them lead to a complex hybridization between the global and national systems of innovation.

Understanding the Effect of Central Government Funding on the Service and Advocacy Roles of Nonprofit Organizations in China: A Cross-Regional Comparison

2019 ◽  
pp. 089976401989208
Author(s):  
Jianxing Yu ◽  
Yongdong Shen ◽  
Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Media Advocacy ◽  
Regional Comparison ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research examines the effects of government funding on the service and advocacy roles of nonprofit organizations in China through a cross-regional comparison. Based on a nationwide survey of 2,058 nonprofits and in-depth interviews with 65 nonprofit executives from the same sample in 2013–2017, we find that a higher level of central government funding leads to stronger organizational capacity for service provision through leveraging matching funds and to more intensive administrative advocacy and media advocacy. Furthermore, a cross-regional comparison shows that, in contrast to those in nonwestern regions, nonprofit organizations with higher levels of central government funding in the western region engage in more administrative advocacy but less in media advocacy. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the government’s leverage strategy and selective empowerment in shaping nonprofits’ service and advocacy roles through government funding in China.

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