Basic Research in Europe: Different countries favor different systems for the support and organization of scientific work.

Science ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 128 (3318) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work

Editorial

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tade M Spranger
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Publish Or Perish ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBoth the confidence of the international scientific community and the public hopes risen by stem cell technology were shaken one year ago by what is called the Korean stem cell scandal. The forgery conducted by one of Korea's major scientists led to several fundamental questions. Some of them refer to ethical aspects, while others concern legal facets: Are law and ethics really able to control scientific research in the field of biotechnology and biomedicine ? Which effects are exerted by the ”publish or perish” policy as well as the commercialisation of basic research on the quality of scientific work ? Is the practical relevance of stem cell research overestimated ? Has the relationship between principal researchers and their staff to be reviewed or even controlled according to tightened ethical and legal standards ?

scholarly journals Experiences of a Slovak PhD pioneer

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50
Author(s):  
Jana Bendova
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Postgraduate Level ◽  
Research Workshop ◽  
Level I ◽  
Oral Presentations

It has all started 10 years ago, at my first WON CA Europe conference in Istanbul in 2008, where I became amazed by so many general practitioners, who performed and presented their scientific work there. However it took me 7 years since the idea to start my PhD studies until it´s final completion in 2017. My PhD journey wasn´t straight, but rather twisty, with 2 interruptions. In 2011 I started to earn my basic research skills at 2 courses. The first one was the European General Practice Research Network (EG PRN) course in Nice and the second University of Crete´s research workshop in Slovakia lead by Professor Christos Lionis. The easiest part of my PhD studies was the clinical one – administering questionnaire and performing spirometry with my patients at my rural general practice. I also enjoyed teaching medical students at undergraduate as well as postgraduate level. I gave lectures at national conferences and published articles about general medicine in Slovak scientific journals, focusing on prevention, patient safety and respiratory diseases, especially COPD. I also contributed to two medical text books. My research was presented as posters or oral presentations at 3 WON CA Europe conferences, where I found a great space for sharing research ideas and results. Final results of my PhD thesis are going to be presented at Krakow conference. Even though I was a fruitful author of publications, reaching the goal of an international publication was the most difficult part for me, not achievable without a help of experienced colleague, Austrian general practitioner, Professor Gustav Kamenski.

scholarly journals Evolution and Features of China’s Central Government Funding System for Basic Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruhan Bai ◽  
Cong Wu ◽  
Kejia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Funding System ◽  
Indigenous Innovation ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Reform And Opening Up

Basic research is believed to be a crucial factor for building national innovation capacity and therefore was perceived as a key battleground for national technological and economic competition. Since the economic reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has made great achievements in building up its national research system. However, the lacking capabilities to conduct ground-breaking scientific work remain one of the daunting challenges for the country. How to restructure its funding system for basic research so to reinvigorate its indigenous innovation capacity has been one of the main concerns for the Chinese government in recent years. To address this, the paper proposes a conceptual framework to analyze how China’s central government funding system for basic research has evolved since 1985. The paper concludes with a discussion of the identified problems and challenges that China is facing in its current funding system for basic research.

“Simple, clear, and easily understood by the farmer…”: On expert–layman communication in American soil science, 1920s–50s

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-345
Author(s):  
Jan Arend
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
The Social

This article presents a case study of how American soil scientists encountered the increasing demands to prove the social utility of their scientific work in the first half of the twentieth century and how this influenced the professional rivalry and competition among them. Previous historical studies of agricultural science in the period have not overlooked the increasing demands for applicability that agricultural scientists were faced with at the time. However, in describing the response of agricultural scientists to these demands, research has focused on the content of their scientific work, that is, their methods, empirical interests, and theories. This study, by contrast, explores how the debates on applied vs. fundamental/basic research in American agricultural science were closely linked to the question of how scientific knowledge could be made understood to laymen and practitioners.

scholarly journals Science: a search for a new knowledge or a branch of the economy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Rakin
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
State Grants ◽  
Scientific Results

Russian science is increasingly becoming an applied technological in its character. Hence the list of a prioritized fields of science, active inception of an innovative grant-based principle at Russian Foundation for Basic Research and Russian Science Foundation, technology-oriented segments of a National project "Science", etc. However, it is known that the essence of scientific work is a generation of new knowledge that cannot be quantified. As a result, an extremely dangerous substitution of concepts occurs: “the quality of new knowledge” is replaced by the “quality of fulfilling the state grants”, which is determined by the number of published articles and the journal's impact factor. Accordingly, the system of stimulating scientific activity in scientific organizations of Russia is focused on the growth of publication activity of scientific employees. Economic models are known in game theory, which are allows different strategies of players and allow in the current situation to build a balanced research stimulation system in a separate institute that pursues two clearly defined and different goals - obtaining fundamental scientific results and fulfilling publicationindicators according to the state grants.

A New 1,000 kV Electron Microscope

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
M. Nishigaki ◽  
S. Katagiri ◽  
H. Kimura ◽  
B. Tadano
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Biological Specimen ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron

The high voltage electron microscope has many advantageous features in comparison with the ordinary electron microscope. They are a higher penetrating efficiency of the electron, low chromatic aberration, high accuracy of the selected area diffraction and so on. Thus, the high voltage electron microscope becomes an indispensable instrument for the metallurgical, polymer and biological specimen studies. The application of the instrument involves today not only basic research but routine survey in the various fields. Particularly for the latter purpose, the performance, maintenance and reliability of the microscope should be same as those of commercial ones. The authors completed a 500 kV electron microscope in 1964 and a 1,000 kV one in 1966 taking these points into consideration. The construction of our 1,000 kV electron microscope is described below.

An emerging technology: Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
M.J. Hennessy ◽  
E. Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Temperature Relaxation ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Much progress in nuclear magnetic resonance microscope has been made in the last few years as a result of improved instrumentation and techniques being made available through basic research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies for medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first observed in the hydrogen nucleus in water by Bloch, Purcell and Pound over 40 years ago. Today, in medicine, virtually all commercial MRI scans are made of water bound in tissue. This is also true for NMR microscopy, which has focussed mainly on biological applications. The reason water is the favored molecule for NMR is because water is,the most abundant molecule in biology. It is also the most NMR sensitive having the largest nuclear magnetic moment and having reasonable room temperature relaxation times (from 10 ms to 3 sec). The contrast seen in magnetic resonance images is due mostly to distribution of water relaxation times in sample which are extremely sensitive to the local environment.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: developing integration of healthcare programmes with clinical, social and basic research studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1348
Author(s):  
Menu E ◽  
Scarlatti G ◽  
Barré-Sinoussi F ◽  
Gray G ◽  
Bollinger B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Research Studies

Non-invasive ultrasound-based imaging of atherosclerosis

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Kaspar ◽  
Iris Baumgartner ◽  
Daniel Staub ◽  
Heinz Drexel ◽  
Christoph Thalhammer
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Contrast Enhanced

Abstract. Early detection of vascular damage in atherosclerosis and accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk factors are the basis for appropriate treatment strategies in cardiovascular medicine. The current review focuses on non-invasive ultrasound-based methods for imaging of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is an accepted early manifestation of atherosclerosis. The most widely used technique to study endothelial function is non-invasive, flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery under high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Although an increased intima-media thickness value is associated with future cardiovascular events in several large population studies, systematic use is not recommended in clinical practice for risk assessment of individual persons. Carotid plaque analysis with grey-scale median, 3-D ultrasound or contrast-enhanced ultrasound are promising techniques for further scientific work in prevention and therapy of generalized atherosclerosis.

The Multiple Faces of Risk-Taking

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmitz ◽  
Karsten Manske ◽  
Franzis Preckel ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Parameter Recovery ◽  
Task Specificity ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Criterion Variables

Abstract. The Balloon-Analogue Risk Task (BART; Lejuez et al., 2002 ) is one of the most popular behavioral tasks suggested to assess risk-taking in the laboratory. Previous research has shown that the conventionally computed score is predictive, but neglects available information in the data. We suggest a number of alternative scores that are motivated by theories of risk-taking and that exploit more of the available data. These scores can be grouped around (1) risk-taking, (2) task performance, (3) impulsive decision making, and (4) reinforcement sequence modulation. Their theoretical rationale is detailed and their validity is tested within the nomological network of risk-taking, deviance, and scholastic achievement. Two multivariate studies were conducted with youths (n = 435) and with adolescents/young adults (n = 316). Additionally, we tested formal models suggested for the BART that decompose observed behavior into a set of meaningful parameters. A simulation study with parameter recovery was conducted, and the data from the two studies were reanalyzed using the models. Most scores were reliable and differentially predictive of criterion variables and may be used in basic research. However, task specificity and the generally moderate validity do not warrant use of the experimental paradigm for diagnostic purposes.

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