scholarly journals Kinetic Parameters of Nitrate Absorption by Adult Coffee Trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Avellaneda Bohórquez ◽  
Herminia Emilia Prieto Martinez ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
High Doses

Nitrogen, the most demanded nutrient by coffee plants, has a rate of recovery from the soil of about 50%. Because of that high doses of nitrogenous fertilizers are used to reach high production, and consequently high amounts of N are lost to the environment. Knowing the kinetic parameters of nitrate (NO3-) absorption over the fruit development cycle is important as a mean of achieve more adjusted fertilizer doses and better recovery rates for the N applied as fertilizers. This study aimed determining the kinetic parameters of NO3- absorption in different development stages of fruits from adult coffee plants. The kinetic parameters Vmax and Km were determined in a low production year, at the pinhead (PH), rapid expansion (RE), grain filling (GF), and maturation (MT) stages. One month before each kinetics assay, lateral roots of eight plants were excavated and wrapped into non-woven fabrics grow cylinders filled in with vermiculite to produce absorbent roots. On the assay day, the roots were washed and immersed into a container with 1 L of 90 μmol L−1 NO3- solution. Sampling began one and a half hours after that, and was taken every hour over 7 h. Data on NO3- depletion were used to calculate the absorption kinetic parameters Vmax and Km. In a low production year the Vmax ranged from 0.14 to 0.72 μmol g−1 h−1 in a root fresh matter basis and Km from 6.47 to 50.31 μmol L−1. The Vmax values were highest at the PH and MT stages; the lowest absorption rate was recorded at GF and Km was lowest at RE. As at the RE stage of fruits Vmax shows a positive correlation with grain production, adequate nitrogen availability must be ensured before this phase to not to affect coming coffee production.

scholarly journals RESEARCHES OF THE INFLUENCE OF NITRATE CONTENTS ON MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF MAIZE PLANTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
ADINA PETRUȚA JIPA ◽  
DANELA MURARIU
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Severe Intoxication ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
High Doses

Nitrogen is an important element required for plant growth and development. It is a key component in many biological compounds that play a major role in photosynthetic activity and crop yield capacity. Variation in nitrogen availability can affect plant development and productivity in maize. One of the ways of soil pollution through agricultural technology is over-fertilization and, in particular, the administration of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Excess of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as their empirical application, have negative effects on harvest quality. Excessive use of fertilizers with nitrogen, produces of ion nitric accumulation in the soil (temporary) and in plants, which disturbs the balance of photosynthesis, causes the appearance of necrosis and burns on leaves, severe intoxication and even death by asphyxiation phenomena and cyanosis at ruminants, children and old people. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of different nitrogen levels and different type of fertilizers on nitrates levels in maize leaves and on morphological traits of maize plants. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018) with five nitrogen levels (80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 160 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and two type of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and urea).

scholarly journals Slow-release fertilizer to increase grain N content in spring wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-324
Author(s):  
Ari Rajala ◽  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Total Plant

Low grain protein often restricts the use of grain lots for milling in Finland. Nitrogen availability during grain-filling may restrict grain protein accumulation, particularly in high yielding environments. Slow-release fertilizers could potentially sustain nitrogen availability during the grain-filling period. The aim of this study was to increase plant nitrogen uptake, grain yield and grain protein response of spring wheat cultivar ‘Amaretto’, using combinations of a regular and slow-release compound NPK fertilizer. Fertilizer treatment effects on grain yield was modest, however, slow-release fertilizer treatments lowered grain protein content as well as grain, straw and total plant N compared with control treatment. The total plant N was 10 to 27 kg ha-1 lower following application of slow-release fertilizer. The results clearly indicate that the release of N by the slow-release fertilizer tested in this trial was too slow for cool Finnish growing conditions.

scholarly journals Thermal time in sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Cristiano Bartz ◽  
Martina Muttoni ◽  
Cleber Maus Alberto ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Geter Alves Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Development Cycle ◽  
Time Calculation ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Water Depths

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate methods of thermal time calculation and the duration of the development stages of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling. The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015), with five irrigation water depths, six cultivars, and four replicates. Six methods of thermal time calculation were tested: two using the minimum basal temperature; two using the minimum and optimum temperatures; and two using the minimum, optimum, and maximum basal temperatures. For the thermal time calculation, the crop development cycle was divided into the vegetative, reproductive, and grain-filling phases. The methods that used the three cardinal temperatures showed the lowest coefficients of variation for most of the developmental phases. Both irrigation water depths and rice cultivars affected the thermal time of the development stages. The greater the water availability, the lower the duration of the development cycle. Thermal time values depend on the calculation method.

scholarly journals Effect of N and K doses in nutritive solution on growth, production and coffee bean size

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junia Maria Clemente ◽  
Herminia Emilia Prieto Martinez ◽  
Leonardo Corrêa Alves ◽  
Marcelo César Rosa Lara
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Expansion Stage ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
High Yields

An adequate supply of nutrients is essential for obtaining high yields of coffee. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N, K and the N:K ratio on vegetative and reproductive growth of coffee. For this purpose, coffee plants were grown in nutrient solution containing K in the concentrations of 1.08; 2.15; 3.23 and 5.38 mmol L-1 combined with a dose of 6 mmol L-1 N, resulting in the N:K ratios (w/w): 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2.5. The control treatment consisted of the doses 3 and 1.61 mmol L-1 of N and K respectively, resulting in the N:K ratio (w/w) 1.0:1.5. The following variables were evaluated: height, stem diameter, number of nodes of the eighth plagiotrofic branch (index branch), pairs of plagiotrofic branches and number of nodes in the orthotropic branch every three weeks from the beginning of the experiment. Additionally, it was evaluated the chemical composition of processed beans and leaves between the flowering and the rapid expansion stage of the cherry beans, production of cherry beans per plant and classification of beans according to the size. N influenced mainly the characteristics of vegetative growth and K influenced mainly the reproductive growth evaluated by the production. The lowest production resulted in the highest percentages of beans retained on sieves with holes larger than 16/64", while the highest production promoted an increase in the percentage of beans retained on sieves with holes smaller than 16/64".

Secondary traits explaining sorghum genotype by environment interactions for grain yield

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana J. P. Carcedo ◽  
Pedro A. Pardo ◽  
Brenda L. Gambin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Grain Filling Duration ◽  
Secondary Traits ◽  
Yield Responses

Effective plant improvement depends on understanding grain yield genotype by environment (G × E) interactions. Studies focusing on more heritable (secondary) traits provide a way for interpreting the nature of these interactions and assist selection by adapting hybrids to specific adaptation patterns. The objective of our study was to explore some specific traits to help describe G × E interactions for yield in grain sorghum. A set of 22 representative hybrids were grown at eight different environments varying mainly in water and nitrogen availability. Studied traits were yield, phenology (time to anthesis and grain-filling duration), numerical yield components (grain number and individual grain weight) and physiological components (biomass at maturity and harvest index). The G × E interaction to G component variance represented 3.48 for grain yield, 1.03 for grain-filling duration, 0.87 for biomass at maturity, 0.71 for time to anthesis, and less than 0.5 for the rest of the traits. Although the G × E interaction for yield was large, the relative genotypic contribution of most studied traits suggests that G × E interaction is not a major impediment for attaining high selection responses to these traits. Pattern analysis applied to G × E best linear unbiased predictors defined three genotype and three environmental groups. Environments were grouped suggesting different water stress levels during early or pre-flowering stages, whereas genotype groups depicted different yield responses across environmental groups. Phenology differences among genotypes explained a large portion of the G × E interaction throughout its influence on grain weight. Late flowering genotypes performed poorly in terms of grain weight and yield across all environments, showing that these materials are not the best option for our production system. Longer grain filling contributed to grain weight and yield at environments with low stress levels, particularly when combined with intermediate or short maturity. Early materials contributed to grain weight and yield at the highest stressful environments. We provide useful information to sorghum breeders at temperate environments, and described secondary traits that could assist selection at particular environments.

scholarly journals Genotypic differences of storage proteins in four Scandinavian spring wheat cultivars during seed development

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-507
Author(s):  
Jari Peltonen ◽  
Tuula Sontag-Strohm
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Breadmaking Quality ◽  
Wide Range

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under a wide range of climatic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the underlying physiological phenomena which affect the quality of grain yield. The aim ofthis project was to study the interactions between cultivars in theiraccumulation and relative concentrations of the different protein groups of storage proteins at various stages of wheat grain development. Yield components, protein quantity and the quality of flour were examined. The study was carried out at the University of Helsinki, Department of Plant Production during 1989-1990. The cultivars used were Heta, Ruso, Reno and Kadett. Innorthern latitudes the early maturity class of a genotype is an important selection criterion associated with good breadmaking quality. The short grain filling period leads to a high rate of accumulation ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, because it coincides with a rapid expansion of the endosperm in the middle of grain filling. The associated yield loss in these cultivars may be compensated by higher number of grains per ear. Therefore, selection ofproductive wheat lines with earlymaturity, high protein concentration and high relative amount ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, and high grain number per ear instead of high kernel weight may lead to more stable yield and improved breadmaking quality.

scholarly journals Effect of Senescence Phenotypes and Nitrate Availability on Wheat Leaf Metabolome during Grain Filling

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Elmien Heyneke ◽  
Mutsumi Watanabe ◽  
Alexander Erban ◽  
Guangyou Duan ◽  
Peter Buchner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Metabolite Analysis ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Nitrate Availability ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Cycling Of Nutrients

The capacity for optimising grain yield depends largely on the timing of senescence and the processes underlying efficient remobilisation and cycling of nutrients from source tissues to the developing grain. This study describes how metabolism is adjusted during senescence in response to varying nitrogen application rates after anthesis. A comprehensive metabolite analysis was performed in field-grown Avalon/Cadenza using segregating doubled haploid wheat genotypes having contrasting traits relating to timing of the onset of senescence. Correlative matrices of metabolites and yield parameters determined the metabolic networks that underlie these phenotypes, and were helpful for identifying unique metabolites that are indicative of timing of senescence. They also revealed robust correlations between steady increases in hexose levels, a late senescence phenotype and high straw yield associated with low N fertiliser levels. Tryptophan, cis-aconitate, phosphate and 1-kestose demonstrated strong perturbations in response to nitrogen availability and progression towards developmental senescence. A comprehensive metabolic map of wheat leaf primary metabolites yielded a cumulative readout of processes that occur during developmental ripening and contribute to grain filling in plants with differential senescence timing.

scholarly journals Canopy assimilation surface and yield of winter wheat varieties under atypical weather conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
V. V. Morgun ◽  
G. O. Pryadkina ◽  
O. O. Stasik ◽  
O. V. Zborivska
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

Aim. Comparative analysis of the traits of the assimilation surface of winter wheat varieties under unfavorable environmental conditions to evaluate its adaptive capacity. Methods. Morphometric, spectrophotometric, statistical. Results. In the field experiments under natural conditions (close to optimal in spring, arid - during the grain filling period and prolonged rainfall during a harvest), the variability of leaves chlorophyll content, the green leaves fresh matter per 1 m2 of ground and chlorophyll index in 10 modern middle-early varieties at anthesis and milky-wax ripeness were studied. Under such conditions, the difference in grain productivity between the highest and the lowest yielding varieties was about 1.6 t/ha. Positive correlation of grain productivity of winter wheat varieties with chlorophyll area index of leaves at milky-wax ripeness (r = 0.61) was established. Conclusions. It was found that the varieties with better adaptation to drought conditions during the period of grain filling had a higher area of assimilation surface at anthesis and milky-wax ripeness. Therefore, their higher yield was related to the higher photosynthetic capacity and the ability to storage and remobilization of carbohydrates deposited in the stem as well as to the efficiency of converting total biomass into grain yield (HI). Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., grain productivity, chlorophyll area index of leaves.

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