scholarly journals RESEARCHES OF THE INFLUENCE OF NITRATE CONTENTS ON MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF MAIZE PLANTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
ADINA PETRUȚA JIPA ◽  
DANELA MURARIU
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Severe Intoxication ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
High Doses

Nitrogen is an important element required for plant growth and development. It is a key component in many biological compounds that play a major role in photosynthetic activity and crop yield capacity. Variation in nitrogen availability can affect plant development and productivity in maize. One of the ways of soil pollution through agricultural technology is over-fertilization and, in particular, the administration of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Excess of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as their empirical application, have negative effects on harvest quality. Excessive use of fertilizers with nitrogen, produces of ion nitric accumulation in the soil (temporary) and in plants, which disturbs the balance of photosynthesis, causes the appearance of necrosis and burns on leaves, severe intoxication and even death by asphyxiation phenomena and cyanosis at ruminants, children and old people. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of different nitrogen levels and different type of fertilizers on nitrates levels in maize leaves and on morphological traits of maize plants. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018) with five nitrogen levels (80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 160 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and two type of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and urea).

scholarly journals AGROCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CHERNOZEMIC SOIL IN THE SUPERFICIAL HORIZON BY DIFFERENTIATED NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
ADINA PETRUȚA JIPA ◽  
DANELA MURARIU
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
High Doses

Soil fertility, upon which plant growth and hence crop yield and quality depend, embraces its content of plant food (nutrients), its organic matter content, its structure, its ability to supply water and its depth. Excessive use of fertilizers with nitrogen products of ion nitric accumulation in the soil (temporary) and in plants, which disturbs the balance of photosynthesis, causes the appearance of necrosis and burns on leaves, severe intoxication and even death by asphyxiation phenomena and cyanosis at ruminants, children and old people. One of the ways of soil pollution through agricultural technology is over-fertilization and, in particular, the administration of high doses of nitrogen fertilizers. Excess of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as their empirical application, have negative effects on harvest quality. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of five nitrogen levels and different type of fertilizers on the agrochemical evolution of the chernozemic soil in the superficial horizon. Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station (ARDS) Suceava, Romania, in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018) with five nitrogen levels (80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha, 160 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha) and two type of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and urea).

The effect of fertilizers and season on the yield and composition of wheat in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Application

Twenty two fertilizer experiments with wheat were carried out over a wide range of soil and environmental seasonal conditions in southern N.S. W. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of wheat are described. Seasonal environmental effects were examined by comparing the relative response to fertilizers of vegetative growth in the early spring with the final response of the harvested grain. Grain yield response to fertilizers is commonly restricted by seasonal conditions. Overcorrection of the phosphorus or nitrogen deficiencies may cause excessive early vegetative growth which exhausts soil moisture reserves before grain development has been completed. Loss of grain yields through this phenomenon is described locally as haying off. The chief danger in this respect seems to be from excessive nitrogen levels in the soil following a clover pasture. Assessments of economically desirable fertilizer applications on the basis of field experiments can only be based on statistical averages of seasonal conditions in each locality. The trials indicate, however, that the common application rate of superphosphate to wheat is inadequate in this region and should be at least doubled.

scholarly journals In-furrow inoculation of soybean as alternative to fungicide and micronutrient seed treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens José Campo ◽  
Ricardo Silva Araujo ◽  
Fábio Luís Mostasso ◽  
Mariangela Hungria
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Biological N2 Fixation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
First Time ◽  
Liquid Inoculant

Soybean is a major grain crop in Brazil, and yields can be considerably improved by inoculation with selected Bradyrhizobium strains. However, the incompatibility between inoculation and seed treatments with fungicides and micronutrients represents a major barrier to the achievement of high rates of biological N2 fixation. Inoculation practices that can alleviate the negative effects of agrochemicals must therefore be found and in-furrow inoculation seems to be an attractive alternative. This study reports the results of seven field experiments conducted in three growing seasons in Brazil; three in soils previously cropped with inoculated soybean (> 10(4) cells g-1 of soil of Bradyrhizobium), and four in areas where the crop was sown for the first time (< 10² cells g-1 of soil of Bradyrhizobium). The compatibility with fungicides and micronutrients was compared in seeds inoculated with peat or liquid inoculants, or treated with different doses of liquid inoculant in-furrow. In areas with established Bradyrhizobium populations, seed-applied agrochemicals did generally not affect nodulation, but also did not increase yields, while inoculation always increased N grain accumulation or yield, and N fertilizer decreased both nodulation and yield. Where soybean was sown for the first time, the seed treatment with agrochemicals affected nodulation when applied together with peat or liquid inoculant. In-furrow inoculation alleviated the effects of seed treatment with agrochemicals; the best performance was achieved with high Bradyrhizobium cell concentrations, with up to 2.5 million cells seed-1.

Olive Processing Waste as a Method of Weed Control for Okra, Faba Bean, and Onion

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozhan Boz ◽  
Derya Ogüt ◽  
Kamil Kır ◽  
M. Nedim Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Wild Chamomile

Field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons at Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, in Aydın-Turkey to evaluate the weed control efficacy of olive processing waste (OPW) in okra, faba bean, and onion. OPW was incorporated into the soil prior to seeding at 10, 20, 30, and 40 tons (t)/ha. Non-treated plots and plots treated with trifluralin in okra and pendimethalin in faba bean and onion were used for comparison. OPW suppressed common purslane, redroot pigweed, and junglerice in okra; littleseed canarygrass, annual bluegrass, wild chamomile, and shepherd's-purse in faba bean and onion. OPW was in most cases equally as effective as soil herbicides; however, 10 t/ha provided sometimes lower efficacy than herbicides. OPW had no negative effects on okra and faba bean, while onion was negatively affected by doses over 30 t/ha. Overall, OPW can be applied at 10 to 20 t/ha doses for weed control with adequate crop safety.

scholarly journals Studies on The Effect of Bio Fertilization on the Technological Characteristics of Some Egyptian Wheat Varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Abou El Enin, MM, Dr. Abo-Remaila S.I
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
And Control

 Three pot experiments were carried out at Agric. Res. Station, Fac. Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Nasr City during 2011/2012, 2012/2013 seasons, each one was to investigate the effect of four un mineral package for each N, P and K on quality of three wheat Egyptian varieties, such as, Sakha-93, Masr-1 and Banisweif-6. The N package were 75 kg N/fed (control), 75 kg N/fed + the twice cysteine spraying (each 150 ppm), 37,5 kg N/fed + bio N fertilizer (cerialen) + the twice cysteine spraying and 37,5 kg N/fed + bio N fertilizer (biogen) + the twice cysteine spraying. The p fertilizer packages were phosphorine, humic acid 6%, phosphorine+ humic 6% acid and control (without P). The K fertilizer package were Potassiumage, Banana ash 4%, Potassiumage + Banana ach 4% and control (without K fertilizer). On the other hand, a field experiment was applied in 2013/2014 session at El Klag region, Kaliobia Governorate, Egypt to confirm the result gaved from the pot experiments. However pot experiments were designed in complete randomizes design, the field experiment was in split plot design. Results showed significant differences between the three tested wheat varieties such as grain protein contents, wet and dry gluten content. Baniswif-6 gave grains quality characters higher than Sakha-93 and Masr-1 varieties in cache season under pot and field experiments. Technological properties were differed significantly between the studied nitrogen fertilizers packages treatments during the three growing seasons under pot or field experiments. In the second experiments, there were significant differences between the various phosphorus fertilizer packages treatments in both seasons under pot and field experiments. P4 and P3 treatments recorded the highest values of technological properties as compared with P1 treatment in the three seasons in pot or field experiments. The interaction effect between (var. X P. packages) showed that must of the studied characters were significant by the interaction between the two studied factors. Finally, in the third experiment, significant differences were observed between the four studied potassium fertilizers packages for all studied characters under pot and field experiment in both seasons, whereas K4 treatments gave the highest values of   technological characters. Also K3 treatment ranked the second and produced the highest values of the previous traits in both seasons. Accordingly, the three wheat varieties showed highest responsibility to different N, P and K fertilizer packages in relation to some technological properties in pot or field experiments under these conditions  

scholarly journals CAN APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS AND SALICYLIC ACID IMPROVE GROWTH AND FRUIT YIELD OF CORIANDER UNDER WATER DEFICIT?

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhood Yeganehpoor ◽  
Saeid Z Ehtab-Salmasi ◽  
Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh ◽  
Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani ◽  
Soheila Dastborhan
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Class A ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

To investigate the changes in selected morphological traits and yield of coriander (Coriandrum sati- vum L.) in response to fertilization and salicylic acid foliar spraying under different irrigation intervals, two field experiments were conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2014 and 2015. Treatments were three irrigation intervals (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan) and combination of fertilization (control, urea 100 kg ha–1, Nitrokara (bio-fertilizer), and 50% urea + Nitrokara) and salicylic acid (0 and 1 mM) that were allocated to the main and sub-plots, respectively. The results showed that plant height, length of the longest internode, stem diameter, branches per plant, dry weights of roots and leaves and fruit yield of coriander were reduced and root length enhanced with increasing the irrigation intervals. However, all of the nitrogen fertilizers, especially combined application of 50% urea and Nitrokara, and salicylic acid spraying, improved the selected morphological traits, and consequently fruit yield per unit area under favorable and limited irrigations.

scholarly journals Nitrogen regime of haplic Luvisol in orchards at fertilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Elena Leonicheva ◽  
Tatyana Roeva ◽  
Larisa Leonteva ◽  
Maxim Stolyarov
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central Russian Upland

The aim of the investigation was to research the mineral nitrogen (Nmin) behavior in loamy haplic Luvisols of orchards located in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The seasonal dynamics of N min (ammonium + nitrates) was studied during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 in field experiments with apple and sour cherry. Fertilizers were applied annually in spring at doses increasing from N30K40 to N120K160. The most important factors influencing the nitrogen dynamics were meteorological conditions, productivity of trees, peculiarities of nitrogen uptake by the studied crops. Fertilization of orchards with nitrogen contributed to an increase in Nmin content by 1.5 … 5 times, depending on the dose. The dynamics of Nmin in the soil of fertilized and unfertilized plots was similar and depended on the biological features of the crops: the lowest indicator’s level in the soil under sour cherry was in July during fruit ripening, while in the apple orchard a low nitrogen content was noted in August. Studies have shown that in the climatic conditions of the Central Russian Uplands, loamy haplic Luvisols without additional application of nitrogen fertilizers can provide a favorable level of nitrogen nutrition for apple and sour cherry trees in the first years of fruiting.

scholarly journals Crop Water Production Functions for Winter Wheat with Drip Fertigation in the North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Shen ◽  
Guangshuai Wang ◽  
Ketema Tilahun Zeleke ◽  
Zhuanyun Si ◽  
Jinsai Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Drip Fertigation

During four consecutive growing seasons (2014–2018), field experiments were conducted in the North China to determine winter wheat production function. The field experiments were carried out using winter wheat subjected to four N levels (N120, N180, N240, and N300) and three irrigation levels (If, I0.8f, and I0.6f). The main aims were to characterize winter wheat productivity, drought response factor Ky, and the winter wheat grain yield production functions in relation to water supply under the different N fertilizer levels. The amount of water supply (rain + irrigation) were 326–434, 333–441, 384–492, and 332–440 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. Similarly, the values of ETa (including the contribution from soil water storage) were 413–466, 384–468, 401–466, and 417–467 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018, respectively. ETa increased as the amount of irrigation increased. The average values of If, I0.8f, and I0.6f over the four growing seasons were 459–465, 432–446, and 404–413 mm, respectively. For the same amount of irrigation, there was only small difference in ETa among different nitrogen levels; for the three irrigation levels, the values of ETa in N120, N180, N240, and N300 ranged from 384 to 466, 384 to 466, 385 to 467, and 407 to 468 mm, respectively. Water productivity values ranged from 1.69 to 2.50 kg m−3 for (rain + irrigation) and 1.45 to 2.05 kg·m−3 for ETa. The Ky linearly decreased with the increase in nitrogen amount, and the values of r were greater than 0.92. The values of Ky for winter wheat in N120, N180, N240, and N300 were 1.54, 1.41, 1.28, and 1.25, respectively. The mean value of Ky for winter wheat over the three irrigation levels and the four nitrogen levels was 1.37 (r = 0.95). In summary, to gain higher grain yield and WUE, optimal combination of N fertilizer of 180–240 kg·ha−1 and irrigation quota of 36–45 mm per irrigation should be applied for winter wheat with drip fertigation in the North China Plain.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

scholarly journals Facilitation Effects of Haloxylon salicornicum Shrubs on Associated Understory Annuals, and a Modified “Stress-Gradient” Hypothesis for Droughty Times

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1726
Author(s):  
Nasr H. Gomaa ◽  
Ahmad K. Hegazy ◽  
Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Haloxylon Salicornicum

Perennial shrub-annual plant interactions play key roles in desert regions influencing the structure and dynamics of plant communities there. In the present study, carried out in northwestern Saudi Arabia, we examined the effect of Haloxylon salicornicum shrubs on their associated understory annual species across four consecutive growing seasons, along with a record of the seasonal rainfall patterns. We measured density and species richness of all the annual species in permanent quadrats located beneath individual shrubs, as well as in the spaces between shrubs. During wet growing season H. salicornicum shrubs significantly enhanced the density and species richness of sub-canopy species, whereas in the relatively dry seasons they exerted negative effects on the associated species. In all growing seasons, the presence of shrubs was associated with enhanced soil properties, including increased organic carbon content, silt + clay, and levels of nutrients (N, P and K). Shrubs improved soil moisture content beneath their canopies in the wet growing season, while in the dry seasons they had negative effects on water availability. Differences in effects of H. salicornicum on understory plants between growing seasons seem due to the temporal changes in the impact of shrubs on water availability. Our results suggest the facilitative effects of shrubs on sub-canopy annuals in arid ecosystems may switch to negative effects with increasing drought stress. We discuss the study in light of recent refinements of the well-known “stress-gradient hypothesis”.

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