scholarly journals Negotiated Management Strategies for Bovine Tuberculosis: Enhancing Risk Mitigation in Michigan and the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Simulating the next steps in badger control for bovine tuberculosis in England

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248426
Author(s):  
Graham C. Smith ◽  
Richard Budgey
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Badger Vaccination ◽  
The Uk

Industry-led culling of badgers has occurred in England to reduce the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle for a number of years. Badger vaccination is also possible, and a move away from culling was “highly desirable” in a recent report to the UK government. Here we used an established simulation model to examine badger control option in a post-cull environment in England. These options included no control, various intermittent culling, badger vaccination and use of a vaccine combined with fertility control. The initial simulated cull led to a dramatic reduction in the number of infected badgers present, which increased slowly if there was no further badger management. All three approaches led to a further reduction in the number of infected badgers, with little to choose between the strategies. We do note that of the management strategies only vaccination on its own leads to a recovery of the badger population, but also an increase in the number of badgers that need to be vaccinated. We conclude that vaccination post-cull, appears to be particularly effective, compared to vaccination when the host population is at carrying capacity.

Sequential risk mitigation and the role of natural recovery in contaminated sediment projects

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Garbaciak ◽  
Philip Spadaro ◽  
Todd Thornburg ◽  
Richard Fox
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Contaminated Sediment ◽  
Practical Observation ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Natural Recovery ◽  
Natural Processes

Sequential risk mitigation approaches the remediation of contaminated sediments in three phases designed to: (1) immediately reduce the ecological and human health risks associated with high levels of contamination, using methods such as the confinement or capping of high-risk materials; (2) reduce the risks associated with moderate levels of pollution to a minimum, on a less urgent schedule and at a lower cost; and (3) address areas of limited contamination through a combination of natural recovery and enhanced natural recovery (to aid or speed those natural processes). Natural recovery, the reduction of contaminant concentrations through natural processes, is based on the practical observation that overall ecosystem recovery appears to be largely a function of time. Sediment decomposition and the mixing of new and old sediments by bottom-dwelling organisms can both contribute to reduced contaminant concentrations. Knowledge of these processes--sediment decomposition, sediment mixing by bottom-dwelling organisms, and chemical residence time is critical in the development of appropriate ecosystem recovery and waste management strategies. Evaluations to support natural recovery predictions are designed to collect and evaluate information necessary to determine whether surface sediment chemical concentrations, with adequate source control, will reach the cleanup standards within a ten-year period.

scholarly journals National survey of feasibility of NIV trials for management of children with bronchiolitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000780
Author(s):  
Anna Rosala-Hallas ◽  
Ashley P Jones ◽  
Emma Bedson ◽  
Vanessa Compton ◽  
Ricardo M Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Non Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Management ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Future Work

BackgroundBronchiolitis is a major cause of admission to hospital in children. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) support with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen is routinely used for infants in the UK with bronchiolitis.ObjectiveTo establish UK paediatric practice regarding management of bronchiolitis, and to explore issues pertinent to the design of a potential future randomised controlled trial of NIV.DesignScreening logs were completed in hospitals in England capturing information on paediatric bronchiolitis admissions. An online national survey of clinical practice was disseminated to healthcare professionals (HCPs) across the UK to ascertain current management strategies.ResultsScreening logs captured data on 393 infants from 8 hospitals. Reasons for admission were most commonly respiratory distress and/or poor fluid intake. Oxygen was administered for 54% of admissions. Respiratory (CPAP and HFNC) and non-respiratory support administered varied considerably. The national survey was completed by 111 HCPs from 76 hospitals. Data were obtained on criteria used to commence and wean NIV, responsibilities for altering NIV settings, minimum training requirements for staff managing a child on NIV, and numbers of trained staff. Most centres were interested in and capable of running a trial of NIV, even out of normal office hours.ConclusionsRespiratory and non-respiratory management of bronchiolitis in UK centres varies widely. A trial of HFNC oxygen therapy in this group of patients is feasible and HCPs would be willing to randomise patients into such a trial. Future work should focus on defining trial eligibility criteria.

The Hidden Half: Linking microbial communities to habitat condition and vegetation management in UK blanket bogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Burn ◽  
Andreas Heinemeyer ◽  
Thorunn Helgason ◽  
David Glaves ◽  
Michael Morecroft
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Habitat Condition ◽  
Blanket Bog ◽  
The Uk

<p>Peatlands are globally valued for the ecosystem services they deliver, including water quality regulation and carbon sequestration. In the UK, blanket bogs are the main peatland habitat and previous work has linked blanket bog management, especially rotational burning of heather vegetation on grousemoors, to impacts on these ecosystem services. However, we still lack a mechanistic, process-level understanding of how peatland management and habitat status is linked to ecosystem service provision, which is mostly driven by soil microbial processes.</p><p>Here we examine bacterial and fungal communities across a spectrum of “intact” to degraded UK blanket bogs and under different vegetation management strategies. Sites included grousemoors under burnt and alternative mown or uncut management along with further locations including 'near intact', degraded and restored sites across a UK climatic gradient ranging from Exmoor (South UK), the Peak District (Mid) to the Flow Country (North). Moreover, an experiment was setup at the University of York with peat mesocosms taken from all sites and management/habitat conditions to allow a comparison between field and controlled conditions and assessing root-mediated processes. Using a structural equation model, we linked grousemoor management to specific fungal/bacterial functional groups, and have started to relate this to changes in water quality provision and carbon cycle aspects. This represents a significant step in the effort to use microbial communities as indicators of peatland habitat condition in UK upland blanket bogs. </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Insight into surgical outcomes of post infarct-ventricular septal defect repair through a 23-years retrospective study-invited commentary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doniparthi Pradeep
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Defect Repair ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Adult Cardiac Surgery

The authors present an excellent retrograde analysis of a rare condition of a phenomenal number of cases and their surgical outcomes. A majority of the studies in published literature are anecdotal case reports which are a rare and dreadful entity. A comprehensive countrywide view of the UK National Adult Cardiac Surgery Audit database is presented in this study. This study represents the changing trends in the risk factors, management strategies, and outcomes of ventricular septal rupture for over 23 years in a nutshell.

scholarly journals Limits to Change

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Roel Puijk
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Main Programme ◽  
New Situation

Abstract Production studies have become popular over the past decade. Recent studies have analysed, amongst other things, innovation, management strategies and the effects of convergence on editorial processes. There have only been a few studies that have analysed what happened inside media organisations in the earlier transformative stages (outside the UK and the USA). This paper analyses how the Norwegian public service broadcaster (NRK) adapted to the loss of its monopoly and the beginning of competition during the mid-1980s. It provides a window into how the flagship of public service, the Enlightenment Department, dealt with the new situation. If one follows the production process of the main programme of the department (with the revealing working title ‘Flagship’) from its conception to its realisation as a weekly programme broadcast in prime time, this reveals how innovation at the time was restricted by organisational arrangements, internal values and external pressures. The programme makers included many elements that are still today considered to be advantageous in factual programming (humour, dramatization, popularisation, serialization, recognition, and even interactivity). Along the way several of these were changed: what had started as a proposal for a documentary series turned into something that was predominantly a discussion programme.

scholarly journals Flood risk governance arrangements in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Matczak ◽  
J. Lewandowski ◽  
A. Choryński ◽  
M. Szwed ◽  
Z. W. Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Risk Governance ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Practices ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Governance Arrangements

Abstract. The STAR-FLOOD (Strengthening and Redesigning European Flood Risk Practices Towards Appropriate and Resilient Flood Risk Governance Arrangements) project, funded by the European Commission, investigates strategies for dealing with flood risk in six European countries: Belgium, the UK, France, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden and in 18 vulnerable urban regions in these countries. The project aims to describe, analyse, explain, and evaluate the main similarities and differences between the selected EU Member States in terms of development and performance of flood risk governance arrangements. It also discusses the scientific and societal importance of these similarities and differences. Attention is paid to identification and characterization of shifts in flood risk governance arrangements and in flood risk management strategies and to determination of triggering factors and restraining factors. An assessment of a change of resilience and appropriateness (legitimacy, effectiveness, efficiency) of flood risk governance arrangements in Poland is presented and comparison with other European countries is offered.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis in cattle from 1986 to 2012 in and around badger-culled areas of the RBCT

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hendy
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Scientific Group ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South West England

In 2007 the Independent Scientific Group (ISG) reported to the UK government the impact on bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle of a trial where badgers were culled between 1998 and 2005. This trial, known as the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT), was performed across 100 km2 (nominal) zones in the West of England. The results were based on a model of new herd incidence data. It was concluded that reactive culling generated overall detrimental effects, while proactive culling achieved very modest overall benefits at the cost of elevated incidence on neighbouring farms. This work looks at more extensive RBCT data to examine if these findings hold true. Instead of presenting the results of a model, this work directly illustrates data supplied in March 2016 by the Animal and Plant Health Agency. Such data covers a greater number of years (1986 to 2012) and includes the prevalence of herd restrictions as well as herd incidence. It appears that whilst cattle TB noticeably reduced in areas subjected to proactive culling, TB did not significantly increase in the surrounding areas. The more limited reactive culls were found to have no significant impact either positively or negatively. This applied to both the treated and surrounding areas. The more extensive data also showed that culling badgers only reduced confirmed TB with no significant impact on unconfirmed TB. This was also found by the ISG in 2007 when using their model. The delay before culling benefit became apparent was about 5 years after the first substantial cull. This has implications for the culls which started in South West England in 2013. If account is taken for the need to average the data, the number of years needed to see TB drop, and the reporting delay, it may not be until September 2023 before the impact of these culls become clear. Also, if culls stop after year four in each zone, this risks benefits falling short of those achieved in the RBCT.

The opioid crisis: evaluating the safety and efficacy of opioid analgesia in the management of acute post-operative dental pain

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 859-864
Author(s):  
Daniel Merrick ◽  
Michael O'Sullivan ◽  
Mary Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Dental Pain ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk

The use and misuse of opioid analgesics have been highlighted in recent years. This review assesses dental opioid use, the effectiveness of opioid-containing analgesics versus non-opioid alternatives and the implications for post-operative pain management strategies in the dental practice. Guidelines for the management of acute post-operative dental pain differ from country to country. The UK has a low dental opioid use rate when compared to the US. The combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen has similar, if not better, analgesic properties compared to opioid-containing alternatives, with fewer adverse effects. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Non-opioid analgesics are both a safe and effective alternative to opioid analgesics in the management of post-operative dental pain.

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