scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use Indices—The Value of Reporting Antimicrobial Use in Multiple Ways Using Data From Canadian Broiler Chicken and Turkey Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
David F. Léger ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
Carolee A. Carson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Using Data

scholarly journals National Antibiotics Utilization Trends for Human Use in Tanzania from 2010 to 2016 Inferred from Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Importation Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Zozimus Sangeda ◽  
Habibu A Saburi ◽  
Cassian Faustine ◽  
Beatrice Godwin Aiko ◽  
Erick Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
P Value ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antibiotic Utilization ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Using Data

Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Surveillance of AMU, a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotic utilization between 2010 and 2016 using data on all antibiotics imported for systemic human use into Tanzania's mainland. Regression and time series analyses were used to establish trends in antibiotics use. A total of 12,073 records for antibiotics were retrieved, totaling 154.51Daily Defined Doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) with a mean (± standard deviation) of 22.07 (±48.85) DID. The private sector contributed 93.76%% of utilized antibiotics. The top-ranking antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and cefalexin. The DDIs and percentage contribution of these antibiotics were 53.78 (34.81%), 23.86 (15.44), 20.53 (13.29), 9.27 (6.0) and 6.94 (4.49), respectively. The time series model predicted significant increase in utilization(p-value =0.002). The model forecasted that by 2022, the total antibiotics consumed would reach 89.6 DIDs, corresponding to a 13-fold increase compared to 2010. Government intervention to curb inappropriate antibiotic utilization to mitigate the rising threat of antibiotic resistance should focus on implementing AMS programs in pharmacies and hospitals in Tanzania.

scholarly journals Enhancing the value of meat inspection records for broiler health and welfare surveillance: longitudinal detection of relational patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Buzdugan ◽  
P. Alarcon ◽  
B. Huntington ◽  
J. Rushton ◽  
D. P. Blake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Association Rules ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
Relational Patterns ◽  
Nationwide Surveillance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Association Rules Analysis ◽  
Abattoir Data

Abstract Background Abattoir data are under-used for surveillance. Nationwide surveillance could benefit from using data on meat inspection findings, but several limitations need to be overcome. At the producer level, interpretation of meat inspection findings is a notable opportunity for surveillance with relevance to animal health and welfare. In this study, we propose that discovery and monitoring of relational patterns between condemnation conditions co-present in broiler batches at meat inspection can provide valuable information for surveillance of farmed animal health and welfare. Results Great Britain (GB)-based integrator meat inspection records for 14,045 broiler batches slaughtered in nine, four monthly intervals were assessed for the presence of surveillance indicators relevant to broiler health and welfare. K-means and correlation-based hierarchical clustering, and association rules analyses were performed to identify relational patterns in the data. Incidence of condemnation showed seasonal and temporal variation, which was detected by association rules analysis. Syndrome-related and non-specific relational patterns were detected in some months of meat inspection records. A potentially syndromic cluster was identified in May 2016 consisting of infection-related conditions: pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis, and abnormal colour. Non-specific trends were identified in some months as an unusual combination of condemnation reasons in broiler batches. Conclusions We conclude that the detection of relational patterns in meat inspection records could provide producer-level surveillance indicators with relevance to broiler chicken health and welfare.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial use surveillance in broiler chicken flocks in Canada, 2013-2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. e0179384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
David F. Léger ◽  
Carolee A. Carson ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Angelina Bosman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Antimicrobial Use

Knowledge and Attitudes toward Food Safety and Use of Good Production Practices among Canadian Broiler Chicken Producers

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1278-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN YOUNG ◽  
ANDRIJANA RAJIĆ ◽  
ANN LETELLIER ◽  
BILL COX ◽  
MIRA LESLIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Good Production ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Response Percentage ◽  
On Farm

Provincial broiler-chicken marketing boards in Canada have recently implemented an on-farm food safety program called Safe, Safer, Safest. The purpose of this study was to measure broiler chicken producers' attitudes toward the program and food safety topics and use of highly recommended good production practices (GPP). Mailed and Web-based questionnaires were administered to all producers registered in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec in 2008. The response percentage was 33.2% (642 of 1,932). Nearly 70% of respondents rated the program as effective in producing safe chicken, and 49.1% rated the program requirements as easy to implement. Most respondents (92.9%) reported that they do not raise other poultry or keep birds as pets, and 79.8% reported that they clean and disinfect their barns between each flock cycle. Less than 50% of respondents reported that visitors wash their hands or change their clothes before entering barns, 38.4% reported that catching crews wear clean clothes and boots, and 35.8% reported that a crew other than from the hatchery places chicks. Respondents who rated the program requirements as effective or easy to implement were more likely to report the use of five of six highly recommended GPP. Only 21.1% of respondents indicated that Campylobacter can be transmitted from contaminated chicken meat to humans, and 26.6% believed that antimicrobial use in their industry is linked to antimicrobial resistance in humans. Continuing education of producers should focus on improving their awareness of these issues, while mandatory GPP should include those that are known to be effective in controlling Campylobacter and Salmonella in broiler chicken flocks.

scholarly journals External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-157
Author(s):  
Gabriel K. Innes ◽  
Pranay R. Randad ◽  
Anton Korinek ◽  
Meghan F. Davis ◽  
Lance B. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Animal Agriculture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Health

Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans, which imposes significant health and economic costs on society. Economists call these costs negative externalities, societal costs that are not properly reflected in market prices. We review the relevant literature and develop a model to quantify the external costs of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in humans. Parameters required for this estimate include ( a) the health and economic burden of AMR in humans,( b) the impact of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in animals, ( c) the fraction of AMR in humans attributable to animal agriculture, and ( d) AMU in animals. We use a well-documented historic case to estimate an externality cost of about US$1,500 per kilogram of fluoroquinolones administered in US broiler chicken production. Enhanced data collection, particularly on the third and fourth parameters, is urgently needed to quantify more fully the externalities of AMU in animal agriculture.

scholarly journals Quantification and Trends of Antimicrobial Use in Commercial Broiler Chicken Production in Pakistan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Muhammad Farooq Tahir ◽  
Riasat Wasee Ullah ◽  
Jabir Ali ◽  
Naila Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
National Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Commercial Broiler

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge and antimicrobial use (AMU) in the livestock sector has been considered as one of the contributing factors towards the development of AMR in bacteria. This study summarizes the results of a point prevalence survey conducted to monitor farm-level AMU in commercial broiler chicken farms in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to quantify AMU and to check seasonal variations of AMU in 12 commercial broiler chicken farms (six from each province) during the summer and winter seasons of the year 2020–2021. AMU was recorded using three AMU metrics: kg, mg per population correction unit (mg/PCU), and mg/kg of final flock weight. A total of 22 antimicrobial drugs (348.59 kg) were used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in surveyed broiler chicken farms. The total combined AMU for all the broiler chicken farms was 462.57 mg/PCU. The use of most of the antimicrobials increased during winter flocks compared to summer. The top three antimicrobial drugs used during the summer were neomycin (111.39 mg/PCU), doxycycline (91.91 mg/PCU), and tilmicosin (77.22 mg/PCU), whereas doxycycline (196.81 mg/PCU), neomycin (136.74 mg/PCU), and amoxicillin (115.04 mg/PCU) during the winter. Overall, 60% of the antibiotics used in broiler chicken were critically important antimicrobial classes (CIA) for human medicine as characterized by the World Health Organization. Our findings showed high AMU in broiler chicken production and a call for urgent actions to regulate CIA use in food animals in Pakistan. This baseline survey is critical for the design and implementation of a subsequent national level AMU surveys that can include additional farming types, animals’ species, and geographical locations over a longer period of time.

Selecting Quality Broiler Chicken using Data Mining Technique

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudih Gustian ◽  
Agus Darmawan ◽  
Muhamad Ikhsan Tohir ◽  
Dedi Supardi ◽  
Siti Nurjanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Data Mining Technique ◽  
Mining Technique ◽  
Using Data

Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
V. I. Makarov ◽  
A. G. Tlatov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Field Reversal ◽  
Polar Magnetic Field ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Modeling Self-Determination Theory Motivation Data by Using Unfolding IRT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Philipp A. Freund ◽  
Annette Lohbeck
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Point ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Dominance Model ◽  
Irt Model ◽  
Autonomous Behavior ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Unfolding Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Item Location

Abstract. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that the degree of autonomous behavior regulation is a characteristic of distinct motivation types which thus can be ordered on the so-called Autonomy-Control Continuum (ACC). The present study employs an item response theory (IRT) model under the ideal point response/unfolding paradigm in order to model the response process to SDT motivation items in theoretical accordance with the ACC. Using data from two independent student samples (measuring SDT motivation for the academic subjects of Mathematics and German as a native language), it was found that an unfolding model exhibited a relatively better fit compared to a dominance model. The item location parameters under the unfolding paradigm showed clusters of items representing the different regulation types on the ACC to be (almost perfectly) empirically separable, as suggested by SDT. Besides theoretical implications, perspectives for the application of ideal point response/unfolding models in the development of measures for non-cognitive constructs are addressed.

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