scholarly journals Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Heartworm Preventive Compliance and Revenue in Veterinary Practices in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy Mwacalimba ◽  
Deborah Amodie ◽  
Lisa Swisher ◽  
Marina Moldavchuk ◽  
Christopher Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retention Rate ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dose Equivalent ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Total Visit

Background: Heartworm disease (HWD) is a potentially fatal condition caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitis. It is endemic in North America, and the American Heartworm Society recommends that owned dogs be on a Food and Drug Administration-approved HWD preventive year-round. The objective of this study was to compare the 12-month HWD preventive purchase compliance rates of injectable moxidectin (ProHeart® 6) and the dose equivalent in monthly HWD preventives and their associated economic value to the veterinary hospital.Methods: This study used retrospective anonymized transactional data of 7,926,392 unique dogs from 3,737 companion animal practices across the US for the period 2014–2017. Compliance was defined using American Heartworm Society guidelines. Comparisons were purchases of a 6-month moxidectin injection or six doses of any monthly HWD or HWD combination preventive product, tracked for the next preventive purchase 5–7 months later. Total revenue, HWD prevention cost, 12-month repurchase compliance, and patient retention were calculated. Data were expressed on an annualized basis. Compliance comparisons were calculated based on proportion analysis with the SAS ProbNorm function (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC), using a two-sided t-test, at the 5% level of significance (P < 0.05).Results: At 51.7%, annual compliance with injectable moxidectin was higher than the dose equivalent in monthly HWD preventives, which was 24.4% (P = 0.0001). Eighty-five percent of patients on injectable moxidectin recorded additional transactions during the first visit (average invoice of $161), compared with only 55% of pet owners who purchased monthly HWD prevention (average invoice $141) or monthly HWD combination (average invoice of $171). The average costs of 6 months of HWD preventives were as follows: injectable moxidectin, $48 (29.7% of the total visit invoice); monthly HWD prevention, $45 (31.0% of the total invoice); and monthly HWD combination, 95 (55.6% of the total visit invoice). Finally, dogs receiving injectable moxidectin had a higher proportion of patients with repeat injections within 12 months between 2014 and 2017, with 68% retention rate after 4 years. In comparison, the six-dose monthly HWD cohort retention rate dropped to 55% by 2017.Conclusions: Dogs receiving injectable moxidectin had higher HWD preventive compliance, generated more practice revenue, and had a higher rate of practice retention compared with monthly HWD products.

scholarly journals The trade secrets protection in U.S. and in Europe: a comparative study

2017 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Chiara Gaido
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Secrets ◽  
The Us ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
International Companies

Only by deeply understanding the new laws that govern trade secrets protection in the United States and Europe, companies will be able to effectively protect their own trade secrets. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the similarities and differences between both regulations to give useful guidelines to international companies who deal in both geographical areas. Therefore, the paper will focus first on the economic value of trade secrets and the costs related to cybercrime and cyberespionage. Then, it will analyze the US and EU historical legal backgrounds that brought to the adoption of both laws. Finally, this article will make a comparative analysis of the provisions in each law. Hence, the paper makes potential suggestions for companies that deal in both regimes.

scholarly journals Economic Value of Lost Productivity Attributable to Human Papillomavirus Cancer Mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoom Priyadarshini ◽  
Vimalanand S. Prabhu ◽  
Sonya J. Snedecor ◽  
Shelby Corman ◽  
Barbara J. Kuter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden ◽  
Age And Sex

Objectives: To estimate years of potential life lost (YPLL) and present value of future lost productivity (PVFLP) associated with premature mortality due to HPV-attributable cancers, specifically those targeted by nonavalent HPV (9vHPV) vaccination, in the United States (US) before vaccine use.Methods: YPLL was estimated from the reported number of deaths in 2017 due to HPV-related cancers, the proportion attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types, and age- and sex-specific US life expectancy. PVFLP was estimated as the product of YPLL by age- and sex-specific probability of labor force participation, annual wage, value of non-market labor, and fringe benefits markup factor.Results: An estimated 7,085 HPV-attributable cancer deaths occurred in 2017 accounting for 154,954 YPLL, with 5,450 deaths (77%) and 121,226 YPLL (78%) attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types. The estimated PVFLP was $3.3 billion for cancer deaths attributable to 9vHPV-targeted types (86% from women). The highest productivity burden was associated with cervical cancer in women and anal and oropharyngeal cancers in men.Conclusions: HPV-attributable cancer deaths are associated with a substantial economic burden in the US, much of which could be vaccine preventable.

“What Does the Fox Say” – A Review of the Grey Fox in Canada and its Current Status as a Threatened Species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Deere
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Species At Risk ◽  
Road Mortality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Species At Risk Act

In Canada, the grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) is found with certainty in Ontario and Manitoba, but has also been sighted in other provinces. Interestingly, there is little Canadian research on the grey fox, despite its status as “threatened” on both the Ontario Species at Risk list and on the Canadian Species at Risk Act. Possible reasons that the grey fox has not received as much attention as other at-risk species in Canada include its lack of economic value and its high abundance in the United States (US). It is believed that the grey fox was once as widespread as the red fox (Vulpes Vulpes) in Southern Ontario, but today that is no longer the case. It is currently believed that less than 250 individuals are found in Canada and the fate of their population is unknown. This change in population abundance shows the importance of gaining more information on the grey fox’s current distribution in Canada. Within the US, the primary threat to this species is excessive hunting; while in Canada, by-catch, deforestation, and road mortality represent greater dangers. The focus of this presentation will be to summarize current knowledge on Canadian populations of the grey fox with some reference to populations in the US in order to highlight the importance of this trans-boundary species within Canadian ecosystems. I will provide recommendations to both the Federal Government of Ontario and the Municipality of Peelee Island, while outlining possible conservation solutions for the population decline of the grey fox in Canada.

scholarly journals The value of wildlife in the US: from the idea to practice

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Tetiana Perga
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
American Society

The development of the idea of wildlife conservation in the USA has investigated. The role of colonization of the North American continent in attracting interest to wildlife has identified. Two vectors of such influence are determined: negative impact (destruction of many species of flora and fauna) and positive (the discovery of unique natural landscapes). The contribution of American painters, writers, scholars, and statesmen of late 19th – 20th centuries in the disclosure of the non-economic value of wildlife and the creation of the first areas of its protection has defined. The US legislation on wildlife conservation in the twentieth century has analyzed. The role of US President Theodore Roosevelt in establishing the first US nature reserves has revealed. It has concluded that on the eve of World War II, American society has already spread an understanding of the importance of protecting wildlife and American presidents carried out fragmentary measures in this area. Despite the widespread perception of wildlife in American society in terms of assessing its economic value, which was associated with the needs of hunting and tourism development, an understanding of the importance of preserving the species of wild flora and fauna for the development of ecosystems has been already developed. On this basis, in the second half of the twentieth century, the first legislative acts on the protection of wildlife were adopted. It has proved that the first in the world the United States gave a legal definition of wildlife and enshrined it in 1964 the Wilderness Act. The term “wild river” introduced by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968) has analyzed. The growth of the National System of Wildlife Refuges and the procedure for the creation of such sites in the USA have considered. The modern problems of wildlife conservation in the USA are clarified. It is found that they are closely connected with the considerable increase in resource requirements due to population growth and urbanization. A conclusion is made about the US influence on the development of wildlife conservation in European countries, which adopted the first laws in wildlife protection only in the 1990s.

Global Competitiveness of the US Manufacturing

2015 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
V. Varnavskii
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Business World ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article considers the current state and prospects of the US manufacturing sector. Economic and technologies reasons for weakening US positions in global manufacturing are discussed. It is shown that the USA is facing a long term global competitiveness problems in manufacturing, not just a cyclical downturn. A number of disturbing trends in USA manufacturing emerged well before the global crisis of 2008, pointing to its structural problems. During the recessions that began in 2001, and then with greater intensity in 2008, US manufacturing sector was dramatically affected, losing investment and millions of workplaces, facing greater import competition. Despite the rise in the value of US exports in recent decades, the US share of global exports of manufactured goods declined. Special attention is paid to the situation in the area of knowledge- and technology-intensive industries and advanced technology products. Mass migration of US manufacturing facilities to countries with lower taxes and wages has eroded the domestic capabilities of high-quality, cost-competitive production, damaging America’s ability to retain a lead in some hi-tech sectors. As shows in the article since 2000, the USA has fallen in many competitiveness and business world rankings, compared to other developed and developing countries. Anyway, the author’s conclusion is that, despite the existing problems, no sector of US economy creates more economic value or supports more additional jobs than manufacturing. The United States remains the world’s most productive large economy and the largest market for manufacturing and hi-tech goods and services, which stimulates innovation and investment.

The United States in Contemporary Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Collis ◽  
Bharat Anand ◽  
J. Yo-Jud Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Private Equity ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
Institutional Voids ◽  
Average Performance ◽  
Unrelated Diversification ◽  
The Us ◽  
Diversified Firms ◽  
Over Time

While classic business groups are not common in the US today, the phenomenon of unrelated diversification remains prevalent, accounting for about 15 percent of corporate assets. Given the presumed efficiency of markets and the absence of institutional voids in the US, the continuing presence of this organizational form is perhaps a surprise. We document that although certain types of diversified entities—notably, the conglomerate—have declined in importance over time in the US, they have given way to different organizational forms—particularly private equity. We establish that there exists considerable systematic heterogeneity in returns across both types of unrelated diversified firms, which can be masked when focusing only on the average performance of diversified firms. We offer a simple theoretical framework to explain the first two facts: why unrelated diversification continues to persist in the US, and how certain unrelated diversifiers continue to create economic value even as market efficiency improves.

scholarly journals Investigating the Accuracy of US Citizens’ Beliefs About the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study With Educational Intervention (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aart van Stekelenburg ◽  
Gabi Schaap ◽  
Harm Veling ◽  
Moniek Buijzen
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Fox News ◽  
News Source ◽  
The Us ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 ‘infodemic’, a surge of misinformation, has sparked worry about the public’s perception of the novel coronavirus and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Misinformation can lead to belief in false information, as well as reduce the accurate interpretation of true information. Such incorrect beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic might lead to behavior that puts people at risk of both contracting and spreading the virus. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current research was twofold. First, we attempted to gain insight into public beliefs about the novel coronavirus and COVID-19 in one of the worst hit countries: the United States (US). Second, we aimed to test whether a short intervention could improve people’s belief accuracy by empowering them to use the scientific consensus when evaluating claims related to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted a four-week longitudinal study among US citizens, starting April 27, 2020, just after daily COVID-19 deaths in the US had peaked. Each week, we measured participants’ belief accuracy related to the coronavirus and COVID-19 by asking them to indicate to what extent they believed a number of true and false statements (split 50/50). Furthermore, each new survey wave included both the original statements and four new statements (2 false, 2 true). Half of the participants were exposed to an intervention aimed at increasing belief accuracy. The intervention consisted of a short infographic that set out three steps to verify information by searching for and verifying a scientific consensus. RESULTS A total of 1202 US citizens, balanced on age, sex, and ethnicity to approximate the US general public, completed the baseline wave. Retention rate for the follow-up waves was high (minimum was 85.02%). Mean scores of belief accuracy were high at all waves, with scores reflecting low belief in false statements and high belief in true statements (scale of -1 to 1, with -1 indicating completely inaccurate beliefs and 1 indicating completely accurate beliefs; mean baseline=0.75, mean follow-up1=0.78, mean follow-up2=0.77, mean follow-up3=0.75). Accurate beliefs were correlated with self-reported behavior aimed at preventing the coronavirus from spreading (e.g., social distancing; r at all waves between 0.26 and 0.29, all Ps<.001), and were associated with trust in scientists (higher trust associated with more accurate beliefs), political orientation (liberal/Democratic participants held more accurate beliefs than conservative/Republican participants) and the primary news source (participants reporting CNN or Fox News as main news source held less accurate beliefs than others). The intervention did not significantly improve belief accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The supposed infodemic was not reflected in US citizens’ beliefs about the COVID-19 pandemic. Most people were quite able to figure out the facts in these relatively early days of the crisis, calling into question the prevalence of misinformation and the public’s susceptibility to misinformation.

Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Hsu ◽  
Judy Hayman ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Debbie Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
True Score ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Normative Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

The Politics of Prophecy: The US Culture Wars and the Battle Over Public Education in the Left Behind Series for Kids

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Ann Abate Michelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Church History ◽  
Good News ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
School Prayer ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
The Us

This essay argues that in spite of their obvious Biblically-based subject matter, clear Christian content, and undeniable evangelical perspective, the Left Behind novels for kids are not simply religious books; they are also political ones. Co-authors Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins may claim that their narratives are interested in sharing the good news about Jesus for the sake of the future, but they are equally concerned with offering commentary on contentious US cultural issues in the present. Given the books’ adolescent readership, they are especially preoccupied with the ongoing conservative crusade concerning school prayer. As advocates for this issue, LaHaye and Jenkins make use of a potent blend of current socio-political arguments and of past events in evangelical church history: namely, the American Sunday School Movement (ASSM). These free, open-access Sabbath schools became the model for the public education system in the United States. In drawing on this history, the Left Behind series suggests that the ASSM provides an important precedent for the presence not simply of Christianity in the nation's public school system, but of evangelical faith in particular.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

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