scholarly journals Prenatal and Early Postnatal Behavioural Programming in Laying Hens, With Possible Implications for the Development of Injurious Pecking

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elske N. De Haas ◽  
Ruth C. Newberry ◽  
Joanne Edgar ◽  
Anja B. Riber ◽  
Inma Estevez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Behavioural Development ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Early Life Programming ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Injurious pecking (IP) represents a serious concern for the welfare of laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). The risk of IP among hens with intact beaks in cage-free housing prompts a need for solutions based on an understanding of underlying mechanisms. In this review, we explore how behavioural programming via prenatal and early postnatal environmental conditions could influence the development of IP in laying hens. The possible roles of early life adversity and mismatch between early life programming and subsequent environmental conditions are considered. We review the role of maternal stress, egg conditions, incubation settings (temperature, light, sound, odour) and chick brooding conditions on behavioural programming that could be linked to IP. Brain and behavioural development can be programmed by prenatal and postnatal environmental conditions, which if suboptimal could lead to a tendency to develop IP later in life, as we illustrate with a Jenga tower that could fall over if not built solidly. If so, steps taken to optimise the environmental conditions of previous generations and incubation conditions, reduce stress around hatching, and guide the early learning of chicks will aid in prevention of IP in commercial laying hen flocks.

scholarly journals Primary cilia mediate early life programming of adiposity through lysosomal regulation in the developing mouse hypothalamus

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chan Hee Lee ◽  
Do Kyeong Song ◽  
Chae Beom Park ◽  
Jeewon Choi ◽  
Gil Myoung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Early Life Programming ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cilia Formation ◽  
Obesity In Mice ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractHypothalamic neurons including proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-producing neurons regulate body weights. The non-motile primary cilium is a critical sensory organelle on the cell surface. An association between ciliary defects and obesity has been suggested, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that inhibition of ciliogenesis in POMC-expressing developing hypothalamic neurons, by depleting ciliogenic genes IFT88 and KIF3A, leads to adulthood obesity in mice. In contrast, adult-onset ciliary dysgenesis in POMC neurons causes no significant change in adiposity. In developing POMC neurons, abnormal cilia formation disrupts axonal projections through impaired lysosomal protein degradation. Notably, maternal nutrition and postnatal leptin surge have a profound impact on ciliogenesis in the hypothalamus of neonatal mice; through these effects they critically modulate the organization of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Our findings reveal a mechanism of early life programming of adult adiposity, which is mediated by primary cilia in developing hypothalamic neurons.

scholarly journals Thyroid Functioning and Fatigue in Women With Functional Somatic Syndromes – Role of Early Life Adversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fischer ◽  
Charlotte Markert ◽  
Jana Strahler ◽  
Johanna M. Doerr ◽  
Nadine Skoluda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Functional Somatic Syndromes ◽  
Early Life Adversity

scholarly journals Memory, not just perception, plays an important role in terrestrial mammalian migration

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1855) ◽  
pp. 20170449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Bracis ◽  
Thomas Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Clear Signal ◽  
Individual Based Simulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
With Memory ◽  
Key Questions

One of the key questions regarding the underlying mechanisms of mammalian land migrations is how animals select where to go. Most studies assume perception of resources as the navigational mechanism. The possible role of memory that would allow forecasting conditions at distant locations and times based on information about environmental conditions from previous years has been little studied. We study migrating zebra in Botswana using an individual-based simulation model, where perceptually guided individuals use currently sensed resources at different perceptual ranges, while memory-guided individuals use long-term averages of past resources to forecast future conditions. We compare simulated individuals guided by perception or memory on resource landscapes of remotely sensed vegetation data to trajectories of GPS-tagged zebras. Our results show that memory provides a clear signal that best directs migrants to their destination compared to perception at even the largest perceptual ranges. Zebras modelled with memory arrived two to four times, or up to 100 km, closer to the migration destination than those using perception. We suggest that memory in addition to perception is important for directing ungulate migration. Furthermore, our findings are important for the conservation of migratory mammals, as memory informing direction suggests migration routes could be relatively inflexible.

scholarly journals Effects of early-life adversity on immune function are mediated by prenatal environment: Role of prenatal alcohol exposure

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 210-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlis Raineki ◽  
Tamara S. Bodnar ◽  
Parker J. Holman ◽  
Samantha L. Baglot ◽  
Ni Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Prenatal Environment ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol

scholarly journals Early-life adversity and adolescent depression: mechanisms involving the ventral striatum

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Goff ◽  
Nim Tottenham
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Limbic Structure ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Established Risk Factor

Early-life adversity is a well-established risk factor for the development of depression later in life. Here we discuss the relationship between early-life adversity and depression, focusing specifically on effects of early-life caregiver deprivation on alterations in the neural and behavioral substrates of reward-processing. We also examine vulnerability to depression within the context of sensitive periods of neural development and the timing of adverse exposure. We further review the development of the ventral striatum, a limbic structure implicated in reward processing, and its role in depressive outcomes following early-life adversity. Finally, we suggest a potential neurobiological mechanism linking early-life adversity and altered ventral striatal development. Together these findings may help provide further insight into the role of reward circuitry dysfunction in psychopathological outcomes in both clinical and developmental populations.

The role of anxiety and depression in the association between early life adversity and metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 104964
Author(s):  
Eva Unternaehrer ◽  
Maria Meier ◽  
Ulrike Bentele ◽  
Ira Wendland ◽  
Annika Benz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Early Life Adversity

Addiction, inequality and recovery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Svanberg
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Health Equality ◽  
Societal Inequality ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of health inequalities on addiction and how the recommendations of the Marmot Review could influence recovery from addiction. The Marmot Review was tasked with devising strategies to reduce health inequalities in England, and rightly recognised that health equality requires a debate about what kind of society we want to live in. When considering societies as a whole, there is a clearer relationship between poor health outcomes and societal inequality; rich countries with a steep social gradient do worse than poorer, but more equal, countries. The chapter first provides an overview of factors that cause substance use and addiction before discussing the role of early life adversity in addiction and the link between inequality and addiction. More specifically, it explains how unequal societies lead to addiction and goes on to consider how society can support recovery from addiction.

Formalizing the Relationship Between Early Life Adversity and Addiction Vulnerability: The Role of Memory Sampling

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S189
Author(s):  
Nora Harhen ◽  
Tallie Z. Baram ◽  
Michael A. Yassa ◽  
Aaron M. Bornstein
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
The Relationship
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