scholarly journals The New Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Outbreak May Mean That Existing Commercial Vaccines Are Not Enough to Fully Protect Against the Epidemic Strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Gao ◽  
Zezhong Zheng ◽  
Heng Wang ◽  
Songqiang Yi ◽  
Guihong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
And Control

Background: On October 30, 2020, piglets and sows in the farrowing house of a pig farm in Jiangxi showed clinical symptoms such as anorexia, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. Epidemiological test, clinical necropsy, and RT-PCR test were carried out on the pig farm for diagnosis. After comprehensive considerations, the disease was judged as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection.Results: Thereafter, a series of comprehensive prevention and control measures such as emergency vaccination with autogenous vaccines were adopted. Half a month after inoculation with autogenous vaccines for the farm, the mortality rate of newborn piglets in the farrowing house began to decline, and production gradually returned to being stable. The second-generation sequencing analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) sequence obtained from the stool and small intestine samples of the diseased pigs on the farm was 97.8% homologous to the vaccine strain. At the same time, antibody testing found that the vaccinated pigs on the pig farm had satisfactory immune response.Conclusion: This case indicated that the PEDV outbreak on the pig farm might aggravate owing to the strain being mutated and could escape the immune protection of the existing vaccine. This case has accumulated technical data for the clinical prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in a Piglet-producing Farm in Jiangxi Province in China in 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Gao ◽  
Zezhong Zheng ◽  
Heng Wang ◽  
Guihong Zhang ◽  
Lang Gong
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
And Control

Abstract BackgroundOn October 30, 2020, piglets and sows in the farrowing house of a pig farm in Jiangxi showed clinical symptoms such as anorexia, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. Epidemiological test, clinical necropsy, and RT-PCR test were carried out on the pig farm for diagnosis. After comprehensive considerations, the disease was judged as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. ResultsThereafter, a series of comprehensive prevention and control measures such as emergency vaccination with autogenous vaccines were adopted. Half a month after inoculation with autogenous vaccines for the farm, the mortality rate of newborn piglets in the farrowing house began to decline, and production gradually returned to being stable. The second-generation sequencing analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) sequence obtained from the stool and small intestine samples of the diseased pigs on the farm was 97.8% homologous to the vaccine strain. At the same time, antibody testing found that the vaccinated pigs on the pig farm had satisfactory immune response.ConclusionThis case indicating that the PEDV outbreak on the pig farm might aggravate owing to the strain being mutated and could escape the immune protection of the existing vaccine. This case has accumulated technical data for the clinical prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea.

scholarly journals A novel biotinylated nanobody-based blocking ELISA for the rapid and sensitive clinical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqian Ma ◽  
Tianyu Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Li ◽  
Xuyang Guo ◽  
Yangsheng Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Display ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Phage Display Technology ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Blocking Elisa ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Abstract Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and a high mortality rate in piglets, leads to enormous economic losses to the pork industry and remains a large challenge worldwide. Thus, a rapid and reliable method is required for epidemiological investigations and to evaluate the effect of immunization. However, the current diagnostic methods for PEDV are time-consuming and very expensive and rarely meet the requirements for clinical application. Nanobodies have been used in the clinic to overcome these problems because of the advantages of their easy expression and high level of stability. In the present work, a novel biotinylated nanobody-based blocking ELISA (bELISA) was developed to detect anti-PEDV antibodies in clinical pig serum. Results Using phage display technology and periplasmic extraction ELISA (PE-ELISA), anti-PEDV N protein nanobodies from three strains of PEDV were successfully isolated after three consecutive rounds of bio-panning from a high quality phage display VHH library. Then, purified Nb2-Avi-tag fusion protein was biotinylated in vitro. A novel bELISA was subsequently developed for the first time with biotinylated Nb2. The cutoff value for bELISA was 29.27%. One hundred and fifty clinical serum samples were tested by both newly developed bELISA and commercial kits. The sensitivity and specificity of bELISA were 100% and 93.18%, respectively, and the coincidence rate between the two methods was 94%. Conclusions In brief, bELISA is a rapid, low-cost, reliable and useful nanobody-based tool for the serological evaluation of current PEDV vaccines efficacy and indirect diagnosis of PEDV infection.

scholarly journals Development of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific antibodies (IgG) in serum of naturally infected pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohnmar Myint ◽  
Ayako Yoshida ◽  
Satoshi Sekiguchi ◽  
Nguyen Van Diep ◽  
Naoyuki Fuke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Abstract Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection is a highly contagious infectious disease causing watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality rate in newborn piglets. PEDV infection can cause high economic losses in pig industry. In Japan, a PEDV outbreak occurred with high mortality from 2013 to 2015. Even though until now, PEDV infection occurs sporadically. For the control and monitoring of PEDV infection, not only symptomatic pigs, but also asymptomatic pigs should be identified. The objective of this study is to develop and optimize novel indirect ELISA as a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific method for the detection of anti-PEDV antibodies and evaluate the efficacy of the assay as a diagnostic method for PED. Results One hundred sixty-two serum samples, consisting of 81 neutralization test (NT) positive and 81 NT negative sera, were applied to the assay. Indirect ELISA test based on whole virus antigen (NK94P6 strain) derived from Vero cell culture was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with neutralization test (NT) as a reference method, and cut-off value was determined as 0.320 with sensitivity and specificity of 92.6 and 90.1%, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.949, indicating excellent accuracy of indirect ELISA test. There was significant positive correlation between indirect ELISA and neutralization test (R = 0.815, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the kappa statics showed the excellent agreement between these two tests (kappa value = 0.815). In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of preserved plates with different periods (1 day, 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months) after drying antigen coated plates were 100% and 80–100%, respectively. Conclusions The developed indirect ELISA test in our study would be useful as a reliable test for serological survey and disease control of PEDV infection, and our pre-antigen coated ELISA plates can be preserved at 4 °C until at least 6 months.

scholarly journals Characterization and pathogenicity of Vero cell-attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CT strain

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wu ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Qingfeng Zhou ◽  
Qunhui Li ◽  
Zhichao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
Piglet Survival

Abstract Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the global pig industry. Currently available PEDV vaccine strains have limited protective effects against PEDV variant strains. Methods In this study, the highly virulent epidemic virus strain CT was serially passaged in Vero cells for up to 120 generations (P120). Characterization of the different passages revealed that compared with P10 and P64, P120 had a higher viral titer and more obvious cytopathic effects, thereby demonstrating better cell adaptability. Results Pathogenicity experiments using P120 in piglets revealed significant reductions in clinical symptoms, histopathological lesions, and intestinal PEDV antigen distribution; the piglet survival rate in the P120 group was 100%. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing identified 13 amino acid changes in P120, which might be responsible for the attenuated virulence of P120. Conclusions Thus, an attenuated strain was obtained via cell passaging and that this strain could be used in preparing attenuated vaccines.

scholarly journals Full-Length Genome Sequence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain CH/GX/2015/750A

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibin Qin ◽  
Bingxia Lu ◽  
Ying He ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Qunpeng Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
Full Length Genome

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strain CH/GX/2015/750A (750A), which was isolated from a suckling piglet with watery diarrhea in Guangxi, China. The isolate is genetically close to other recent Chinese variant PEDVs and distinct from the classical PEDVs.

scholarly journals Origin, Evolution, and Genotyping of Emergent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains in the United States

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Wei Huang ◽  
Allan W. Dickerman ◽  
Pablo Piñeyro ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Li Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genomic Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
And Control ◽  
Complete Genomic

ABSTRACT Coronaviruses are known to infect humans and other animals and cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Here we report the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the United States and determination of its origin, evolution, and genotypes based on temporal and geographical evidence. Histological lesions in small intestine sections of affected pigs and the complete genomic sequences of three emergent strains of PEDV isolated from outbreaks in Minnesota and Iowa were characterized. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the three U.S. strains revealed a close relationship with Chinese PEDV strains and their likely Chinese origin. The U.S. PEDV strains underwent evolutionary divergence, which can be classified into two sublineages. The three emergent U.S. strains are most closely related to a strain isolated in 2012 from Anhui Province in China, which might be the result of multiple recombination events between different genetic lineages or sublineages of PEDV. Molecular clock analysis of the divergent time based on the complete genomic sequences is consistent with the actual time difference, approximately 2 to 3 years, of the PED outbreaks between China (December 2010) and the United States (May 2013). The finding that the emergent U.S. PEDV strains share unique genetic features at the 5′-untranslated region with a bat coronavirus provided further support of the evolutionary origin of PEDV from bats and potential cross-species transmission. The data from this study have important implications for understanding the ongoing PEDV outbreaks in the United States and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures against PEDV. IMPORTANCE The sudden emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, for the first time in the United States causes significant economic and public health concerns. Since its recognition in May 2013, PEDV has rapidly spread across the United States, resulting in high mortality in piglets in more than 17 States now. The ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula and the historical deadly nature of the 2002 outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus create further anxiety over the emergence of PEDV in the United States due to the lack of scientific information about the origin and evolution of this emerging coronavirus. Here we report the detailed genetic characterization, origin, and evolution of emergent PEDV strains in the United States. The results provide much needed information to devise effective preventive and control strategies against PEDV in the United States.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive View on the Host Factors and Viral Proteins Associated With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hu ◽  
Xiaohong Xie ◽  
Lingchen Yang ◽  
Aibing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus pathogen of the pig intestinal tract, can cause fatal watery diarrhea in piglets, thereby causing huge economic losses to swine industries around the world. The pathogenesis of PEDV has intensively been studied; however, the viral proteins of PEDV and the host factors in target cells, as well as their interactions, which are the foundation of the molecular mechanisms of viral infection, remain to be summarized and updated. PEDV has multiple important structural and functional proteins, which play various roles in the process of virus infection. Among them, the S and N proteins play vital roles in biological processes related to PEDV survival via interacting with the host cell proteins. Meanwhile, a number of host factors including receptors are required for the infection of PEDV via interacting with the viral proteins, thereby affecting the reproduction of PEDV and contributing to its life cycle. In this review, we provide an updated understanding of viral proteins and host factors, as well as their interactions in terms of PEDV infection. Additionally, the effects of cellular factors, events, and signaling pathways on PEDV infection are also discussed. Thus, these comprehensive and profound insights should facilitate for the further investigations, control, and prevention of PEDV infection.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Du ◽  
Junqiu Luo ◽  
Jie Yu ◽  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Yuheng Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
Antiviral Innate Immunity

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal pigs, due to its clinical pathogenesis of the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. The host’s innate immune system is the first line of defence upon virus invasion of the small intestinal epithelial cells. In turn, the virus has evolved to modulate the host’s innate immunity during infection, resulting in pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infection. In this review, we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between PEDV and components of host innate immunity, focusing on the role of cytokines and interferons in intestinal antiviral innate immunity, and the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion strategies of PEDV invasion. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the potential prevention and treatment for PEDV infection.

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