scholarly journals Pathogens Associated to Kiwifruit Vine Decline in Italy

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Donati ◽  
Antonio Cellini ◽  
Daniela Sangiorgio ◽  
Edoardo Caldera ◽  
Giovambattista Sorrenti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Vine Decline ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbial Community

Kiwifruit production has gained great importance in Italy, becoming a strategic crop in several areas. In recent years, the Italian kiwifruit industry has been threatened by the emergence of a new, idiopathic syndrome causing a severe and rapid decline, leading to vine collapse within two years from symptom development. The main symptoms associated to this syndrome are the disappearance of feeding roots, blocking of both stele and xylem vessels, root cortex breakdown, leaf necrosis, phylloptosis, twig wilting and plant death. Kiwifruit decline affects both Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa. Due to the similarity with other fruit trees idiopathic diseases, such as the rapid apple decline, we propose to name this disorder as kiwifruit vine decline syndrome (KVDS). The causes of KVDS are still unknown. However, KVDS is prevalent in soils affected by waterlogging or poor aeration, suggesting a physiological origin of this disorder. In addition, our experiments suggested a role of the rhizosphere microbial community, since healthy and KVDS-affected plants show distinct bacterial and fungal communities. Phytophthora spp. and Phytopythium spp. were more frequent in symptomatic plants (58.6%) than in asymptomatic ones (19%). Moreover, Desarmillaria tabescens were found only on symptomatic plants. Inoculation of potted kiwifruit vines with those pathogens resulted in KVDS symptom development. Finally, induced waterlogging conditions increased the incidence of pathogen isolation, but not the symptom development.

The End of Sharecropping in Central Italy after 1945: The Role of Mechanisation in the Changing Relationship between Peasant Families and Land

Rural History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
STUART OGLETHORPE
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Push Factor

Abstract:This article focuses on the mechanisation of agriculture in central Italy in the thirty years or so after 1945. This provides a particular way of examining the major changes in the rural landscape in this period, especially the end of the sharecropping system. Land in these regions had for centuries been predominantly farmed under sharecropping contracts, but for political, economic, and demographic reasons this system, which had inhibited modernisation, entered a rapid decline. Whereas labour supply had previously exceeded demand, the reverse became the case, allowing sharecropping families more freedom in how they operated. Mechanisation was not a ‘push’ factor, but as the agricultural labour force contracted it was a necessary response. The article uses individual testimony to illustrate how tenant farmers started to work outside the sharecropping contract, some becoming outside contractors with other farms and supplying tractor hire. The mechanisation of agriculture was slow and uneven, but marked an irreversible change in the relationship between farming families and their land.

scholarly journals A Culture-independent Approach to Understanding the Role of Soil Fungal Communities in Bromus tectorum Stand Failure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Ricks ◽  
Taryn Williamson ◽  
Susan Meyer ◽  
John Chaston ◽  
Craig Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Culture Independent

Secular Evolution in Ireland

2017 ◽  
pp. 62-83
Author(s):  
David T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Secular Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Muslim Minority

How has Irish benevolent secularism withstood challenges brought on by rapid decline in Catholic influence over the past quarter century? This chapter documents the role of religious-secular and interfaith partnerships in steering institutional change in Ireland during this period. Benevolent secularism has evolved without changing into a more assertive form of secularism. The chapter traces secular evolution in areas like education policy and accommodating the growing Muslim minority. It traces elite alliances through field interviews, and then documents similar consensus in public opinion data.

scholarly journals Role of Fyn kinase in oocyte developmental potential

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinping Luo ◽  
Lynda K. McGinnis ◽  
William H. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Signalling ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Developmental Arrest ◽  
Fyn Kinase ◽  
The One

Fyn kinase is highly expressed in oocytes, with inhibitor and dominant-negative studies suggesting a role in the signal transduction events during egg activation. The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that Fyn is required for calcium signalling, meiosis resumption and pronuclear congression using the Fyn-knockout mouse as a model. Accelerated breeding studies revealed that Fyn-null females produced smaller litter sizes at longer intervals and exhibited a rapid decline in pup production with increasing age. Fyn-null females produced a similar number of oocytes, but the frequency of immature oocytes and mature oocytes with spindle chromosome abnormalities was significantly higher than in controls. Fertilised Fyn-null oocytes frequently (24%) failed to undergo pronuclear congression and remained at the one-cell stage. Stimulation with gonadotropins increased the number of oocytes ovulated, but did not overcome the above defects. Fyn-null oocytes overexpressed Yes kinase in an apparent effort to compensate for the loss of Fyn, yet still exhibited an altered pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In summary, Fyn-null female mice exhibit reduced fertility that appears to result from actin cytoskeletal defects rather than calcium signalling. These defects cause developmental arrest during oocyte maturation and pronuclear congression.

Role of medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone) in postnephrectomy vomiting in dogs

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Borison ◽  
L. M. Hebertson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Trigger Zone

Latencies for vomiting following bilateral nephrectomy in control dogs, after gut denervation by transthoracic vagotomy and spinal cord transection at T4, and after ineffective ablation of the CT zone, were all within a range of 16–48 hours. By contrast, in dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone, the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy was prolonged to a range of 54–147 hours and two dogs died after 5 and 6 days, respectively, without vomiting. Chlorpromazine and morphine did not prolong the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy. Guanidine hydrochloride, 75 mg/kg i.v., evoked vomiting in all of seven control dogs, but only in one of nine dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone. Except for a more rapid decline of serum chloride in control dogs, serum sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and blood urea nitrogen followed the same pattern after nephrectomy in control and CT-zone ablated dogs.

ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 989-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Petrushka ◽  
J. H. Quastel ◽  
P. G. Scholefield
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Kidney Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure

The addition of small amounts (50 μg protein) of heated snake venom to respiring preparations of mitochondria from rat liver or kidney brings about an uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation as measured by a fall in the P/O ratio. When larger amounts (250 μg protein) of heated venom are added a rapid decline in the respiratory activity eventually takes place which coincides with a breakdown in the mitochondrial structure. On addition of smaller amounts (e.g. 7.5 μg protein) of heated venom to liver or kidney mitochondria there occurs a release of soluble proteins including enzymes, e.g. ATP-ase.Various phospholipids are able to exert a specific protective effect against the uncoupling action of heated venom. Albumin exhibits a non-specific effect but glutathionine, which helps to maintain the respiratory activity of mitochondria in the presence of heated venom, does not prevent the accompanying fall in the P/O ratio.The importance of the structural integrity of mitochondria for their enzymic activities is discussed, special reference being made to the role of phospholipids.

scholarly journals Potential role of weather, soil and plant microbial communities in rapid decline of apple trees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e0213293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jugpreet Singh ◽  
Katchen Julliany Pereira Silva ◽  
Marc Fuchs ◽  
Awais Khan
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Apple Trees

scholarly journals Asthma progression and mortality: the role of inhaled corticosteroids

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1900491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul O'Byrne ◽  
Leonardo M. Fabbri ◽  
Ian D. Pavord ◽  
Alberto Papi ◽  
Stefano Petruzzelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Administrative Databases ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Lung Function Decline ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Asthma Mortality

Overall, asthma mortality rates have declined dramatically in the last 30 years, due to improved diagnosis and to better treatment, particularly in the 1990s following the more widespread use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). The impact of ICS on other long-term outcomes, such as lung function decline, is less certain, in part because the factors associated with these outcomes are incompletely understood. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effect of pharmacological interventions, particularly ICS, on asthma progression and mortality. Furthermore, we review the potential mechanisms of action of pharmacotherapy on asthma progression and mortality, the effects of ICS on long-term changes in lung function, and the role of ICS in various asthma phenotypes.Overall, there is compelling evidence of the value of ICS in improving asthma control, as measured by improved symptoms, pulmonary function and reduced exacerbations. There is, however, less convincing evidence that ICS prevents the decline in pulmonary function that occurs in some, although not all, patients with asthma. Severe exacerbations are associated with a more rapid decline in pulmonary function, and by reducing the risk of severe exacerbations, it is likely that ICS will, at least partially, prevent this decline. Studies using administrative databases also support an important role for ICS in reducing asthma mortality, but the fact that asthma mortality is, fortunately, an uncommon event makes it highly improbable that this will be demonstrated in prospective trials.

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