scholarly journals Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Fungal Communities in Wheat Grain as Influenced by Recycled Phosphorus Fertilizers: A Case Study

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Urszula Wachowska ◽  
Marta K. Kostrzewska
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Alternaria Infectoria ◽  
Clade 1 ◽  
Sludge Ash

Waste-based fertilizers provide an alternative to fertilizers made from non-renewable phosphate rock. Fungal communities colonizing the grain of spring wheat fertilized with preparation from sewage sludge ash and dried animal blood (Rec) and the same fertilizer activated by Bacillus megaterium (Bio) were evaluated against those resulting from superphosphate (SP) and no phosphorus (control, C0) treatments. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing system helped to group fungal communities into three clades. Clade 1 (communities from C0, Bio 60 and 80, Rec 80 and SP 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 treatments) was characterized by a high prevalence of Alternaria infectoria, Monographella nivalis and Gibberella tricincta pathogens. Clade 2 (Bio 40 kg, Rec 40 and 60 kg, and SP 60 kg P2O5 ha−1) was characterized by the lowest amount of the identified pathogens. Commercial SP applied at 80 kg P2O5 ha−1 (clade 3) induced the most pronounced changes in the fungal taxa colonizing wheat grain relative to non-fertilized plants. The above was attributed mainly to the lower amount of A. infectoria and higher counts of species of the family Nectriaceae, mostly epiphytic pathogens Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium poae.

Analysis of bacterial and fungal communities by Illumina MiSeq platforms and characterization of Aspergillus cristatus in Fuzhuan brick tea

LWT ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Rui ◽  
Peng Wan ◽  
Guijie Chen ◽  
Minhao Xie ◽  
Yi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Aspergillus Cristatus

scholarly journals Diversity of root-associated fungi of Rhododendron simsii in subtropical forests: fungal communities with high resistance to anthropogenic disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 2321-2330
Author(s):  
Yanhua Zhang ◽  
Fangping Tang ◽  
Jian Ni ◽  
Lijia Dong ◽  
Lifu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Subtropical Forests ◽  
Rhododendron Simsii

Abstract Species of the Ericaceae or heath family are widely distribute in continental ecosystems and their special ericoid mycorrhizas (ERM) are considered beneficial to their survival and persistence in variable habitats. Currently, increasing anthropogenic disturbances and improper forest management are affecting subtropical forests of China where these native species located. These activities not only affect plant communities above-ground, but also impose pressures on microbial communities below- ground. In this study, root-associated fungal communities of Rhododendron simsii in four forest types under different anthropogenic disturbances were identified using an Illumina Miseq platform, i.e., old growth forests, secondary forests with one cutting (SEC I), secondary forests with two cuttings (SEC II), and Chinese-fir plantations (PLF). Intra- and inter-annual variations were analyzed by comparing samples taken in different seasons and years. The results show that: (1) over 1000 OTUs were found in hair roots with most from the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota belonging to different functional groups; (2) while there were a few indicator OTUs specific to different forest types, seasons and years, the proportion of shared taxa was quite large, accounting for 44.9–79.4% of the total OTUs; (3) significantly positive correlations were found between disturbance sensitivity and temporal variations in common fungal orders, and both in major fungal orders were significantly different among fungal functional groups in which putative and possible ERM fungi were highly resistant to disturbances and low temporal variations. The high disturbance resistance and temporal persistence of putative ERM fungi may be essential for the successful adaptation of R. simsii in disturbed subtropical forests of China.

scholarly journals Transformations of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms During Malt Loaf Production

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Marcin Bryła ◽  
Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Tomoya Yoshinari ◽  
Krystyna Szymczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Technical Process ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Modified Mycotoxins ◽  
Bread Production ◽  
Modified Forms ◽  
Fermentation Stage

An increasing number of studies have found that modified mycotoxins, such as free mycotoxins, naturally occur in food, and severely impact food safety. The present study investigated concentrations of trichothecenes nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), together with their modified forms, nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14S), respectively, at successive stages of malt loaf production (flour, dough kneading/fermentation, loaf baking). Toxins in bakery products originate in flour produced from wheat grain that is naturally contaminated with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and did not significantly change during the successive stages of bread production. After the dough kneading/fermentation stage, concentrations of NIV-3G and DON-3G were slightly increased, whereas those of ZEN and ZEN-14S were slightly decreased. The largest average decrease (21%) was found in ZEN-14G. After the baking stage, the average concentrations of NIV-3G, DON-3G, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in the loaf crumb and crust decreased by 23%, 28%, 27%, and 20%, respectively, compared with those in the dough. During this technical process, the concentration of ZEN-14G in loaf crumb significantly decreased by an average of 48%, and those of ZEN, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in loaf crust decreased by an average of 29%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. Considering the possibility of modified mycotoxins degradation to free forms, as well as the ability to synthesize them from free forms during technological processes, it would be prudent to consider them together during analysis.

scholarly journals Analysis of Difference in Microbial Community and Physicochemical Indices Between Surface and Central Parts of Chinese Special-Flavor Baijiu Daqu

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanru Chen ◽  
Kaimin Li ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Ruyi Li ◽  
Guiming Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Microbial Structure ◽  
Brewing Process ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Culture Dependent

Special-flavor Baijiu is a unique Baijiu in Jiangxi Province, China, whose uniqueness mainly depends on the unique production process of special-flavor Baijiu Daqu. However, the microbial structure and physicochemical indices of different parts of the special-flavor Baijiu Daqu are still unknown. This greatly reduces the actual value of Daqu in the production of special-flavor Baijiu. Therefore, culture-dependent and Illumina MiSeq sequencing methods were used to analyze the microbial structure of special-flavor Baijiu Daqu. The results indicated that there was a complicated microbial diversity in Chinese special-flavor Baijiu Daqu. The predominant bacterial communities were Bacillales, Lactobacillales, and Rhodospirillales, while Saccharomycetales and Eurotiales were the predominant fungal communities. Significant differences in microbial community and distribution were shown between the surface and central parts of Daqu. Acetobacter and Pichia genera were the predominant microorganisms in the surface part of Daqu, whereas Aspergillus, Kroppenstedtia, Oceanobacillus, and Bacillus genera were the predominant microorganisms in the central part of Daqu. Meantime, the different microbial distributions between the surface and central parts of Daqu caused the significant differences in the physicochemical indices. These results can provide an important theoretical basis for improving the brewing process and the quality of special-flavor Baijiu.

scholarly journals Transformation of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Masked Forms during Malting of Various Cultivars of Wheat

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 866
Author(s):  
Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽  
Marcin Bryła ◽  
Dorota Michałowska ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Tomoya Yoshinari
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Fusarium Toxins ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
High Increase ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of malting of six wheat cultivars inoculated with Fusarium culmorum on the dynamics of content changes of selected Fusarium toxins. The grains of all the tested cultivars showed a high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivatives, whereas nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found only in the Legenda cultivar. Our experiments confirmed that the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The levels of toxins in malt were few-fold higher than those in grain; an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate as the optimal temperature and pH conditions for the biosynthesis of these toxins by the pathogen are similar to those used in the grain malting process. This is the first paper reporting that during the malting process, biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurs, instead of glycosylation, which is a typical modification of mycotoxins by plant detoxication enzymes.

scholarly journals Health and saliva microbiomes of a semi-urbanized indigenous tribe in Peninsular Malaysia

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Li-Fang Yeo ◽  
Farhang F. Aghakhanian ◽  
James S. Y. Tan ◽  
Han Ming Gan ◽  
Maude E. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: The indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia, also known as Orang Asli, have gradually been urbanized. A shift towards non-communicable diseases commonly associated with sedentary lifestyles have been reported in many tribes. This study engaged with a semi-urbanized Temiar tribe from Kampong Pos Piah, Perak, who are experiencing an epidemiological transition. Methods:  Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, HbA1C and lipid levels were measured as indicators of cardio-metabolic health. DNA was extracted from saliva using salting-out method followed by PCR amplification of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequencing on Illumina MiSeq. Microbiome analysis was conducted on Qiime v1.9. Statistical analysis was conducted using Qiime v1.9 and R.   Results: The study revealed that 60.4% of the Temiar community were overweight/obese, with a higher prevalence among women. HbA1C levels showed that 45% of Temiar had pre-diabetes. Insulin resistance was identified in 21% of Temiar by using a surrogate marker, TG/HDL. In total, 56.5% of Temiar were pre-hypertensive, and the condition was prevalent across all age-groups. The saliva microbiome profiles of Temiar revealed significant differences by gender, BMI, abdominal obesity as well as smoking status. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was increased in men whereas Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Neisseria and Streptococcus were increased in women. Proteobacteria was significantly depleted in smokers. Conclusions: Temiar from Pos Piah had a high prevalence of cardio-metabolic risks, including general and abdominal obesity, pre-diabetes, prehypertension and hypertension. This phenomenon has not been previously reported in this tribe. The saliva microbiome profiles were significantly different for individuals of different gender, BMI scores, abdominal obesity and smoking status.

scholarly journals Baseline Data of the Fungal Phytobiome of Three Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Cultivars in South Africa Using Targeted Environmental Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Gilmore T. Pambuka ◽  
Tonjock Rosemary Kinge ◽  
Soumya Ghosh ◽  
Errol D. Cason ◽  
Martin M. Nyaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Targeted Sequencing ◽  
Illumina Miseq Platform ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Miseq Platform ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Plant Surfaces

Plant-associated fungi, or the mycobiome, inhabit plant surfaces above ground, reside in plant tissues as endophytes, or are rhizosphere in the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots. Studies have characterized mycobiomes of various plant species, but little is known about the sorghum mycobiome, especially in Africa, despite sorghum being one of the most important indigenous and commercial cereals in Africa. In this study, the mycobiome associated with above- and below-ground tissues of three commercial sorghum cultivars, as well as from rhizosphere and surrounding bulk soil samples, were sequenced using targeted sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Relative abundance differences between fungal communities were found between above-ground and below-ground niches, with most differences mostly in the dominant MOTUs, such as Davidiellaceae sp. (Cladosporium), Didymellaceae sp. 1 (Phoma), Fusarium, Cryptococcus and Mucor. Above-ground communities also appeared to be more diverse than below-ground communities, and plants harboured the most diversity. A considerable number of MOTUs were shared between the cultivars although, especially for NS5511, their abundances often differed. Several of the detected fungal groups include species that are plant pathogens of sorghum, such as Fusarium, and, at low levels, Alternaria and the Ustilaginomycetes. Findings from this study illustrate the usefulness of targeted sequencing of the ITS rDNA gene region (ITS2) to survey and monitor sorghum fungal communities and those from associated soils. This knowledge may provide tools for disease management and crop production and improvement.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Disturbance Impacts Mycorrhizal Communities and Abiotic Soil Properties: Implications for an Endemic Forest Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Sapsford ◽  
Trudy Paap ◽  
Giles E. St. J. Hardy ◽  
Treena I. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Canker Disease

In forest ecosystems, habitat fragmentation negatively impacts stand structure and biodiversity; the resulting fragmented patches of forest have distinct, disturbed edge habitats that experience different environmental conditions than the interiors of the fragments. In southwest Western Australia, there is a large-scale decline of the keystone tree species Corymbia calophylla following fragmentation and land use change. These changes have altered stand structure and increased their susceptibility to an endemic fungal pathogen, Quambalaria coyrecup, which causes chronic canker disease especially along disturbed forest habitats. However, the impacts of fragmentation on belowground processes in this system are not well-understood. We examined the effects of fragmentation on abiotic soil properties and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, and whether these belowground changes were drivers of disease incidence. We collected soil from 17 sites across the distribution range of C. calophylla. Soils were collected across a gradient from disturbed, diseased areas to undisturbed, disease-free areas. We analysed soil nutrients and grew C. calophylla plants as a bioassay host. Plants were harvested and roots collected after 6 months of growth. DNA was extracted from the roots, amplified using fungal specific primers and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Concentrations of key soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were much higher along the disturbed, diseased edges in comparison to undisturbed areas. Disturbance altered the community composition of ECM and AM fungi; however, only ECM fungal communities had lower rarefied richness and diversity along the disturbed, diseased areas compared to undisturbed areas. Accounting for effects of disturbance, ECM fungal diversity and leaf litter depth were highly correlated with increased disease incidence in C. calophylla. In the face of global change, increased virulence of an endemic pathogen has emerged in this Mediterranean-type forest.

scholarly journals Distribution and Assembly Processes of Soil Fungal Communities along an Altitudinal Gradient in Tibetan Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Hussain ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Senlin Liu ◽  
Yifan Yin ◽  
Zhongyuan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Altitudinal Gradients ◽  
Community Model ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Dispersal Limitations

In soil ecosystems, fungi exhibit diverse biodiversity and play an essential role in soil biogeochemical cycling. Fungal diversity and assembly processes across soil strata along altitudinal gradients are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the structure and abundance of soil fungal communities among soil strata and elevational gradients on the Tibetan Plateau using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1). The contribution of neutral and niche ecological processes were quantified using a neutral community model and a null model-based methodology. Our results showed that fungal gene abundance increased along altitudinal gradients, while decreasing across soil strata. Along with altitudinal gradients, fungal α-diversity (richness) decreased from surface to deeper soil layers, while β-diversity showed weak correlations with elevations. The neutral community model showed an excellent fit for neutral processes and the lowest migration rate (R2 = 0.75). The null model showed that stochastic processes dominate in all samples (95.55%), dispersal limitations were dominated at the surface layer and decreased significantly with soil strata, while undominated processes (ecological drift) show a contrary trend. The log-normal model and the null model (βNTI) correlation analysis also neglect the role of niche-based processes. We conclude that stochastic dispersal limitations, together with ecological drifts, drive fungal communities.

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