Transformation of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Masked Forms during Malting of Various Cultivars of Wheat

This study investigated the impact of malting of six wheat cultivars inoculated with Fusarium culmorum on the dynamics of content changes of selected Fusarium toxins. The grains of all the tested cultivars showed a high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivatives, whereas nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found only in the Legenda cultivar. Our experiments confirmed that the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The levels of toxins in malt were few-fold higher than those in grain; an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate as the optimal temperature and pH conditions for the biosynthesis of these toxins by the pathogen are similar to those used in the grain malting process. This is the first paper reporting that during the malting process, biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurs, instead of glycosylation, which is a typical modification of mycotoxins by plant detoxication enzymes.

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Weekly water-loss from Spherical Water-loss Integrators on a Clearing and below Secondary Growth in Central Amazonia ()

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43921972021033 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 33-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. L. F. Brinkmann

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Water Loss ◽

Standing Crop ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Tropical Agriculture ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Set Up ◽

The Impact

Abstract: Spherical ceramic bulbs were set up as weekly water-loss integrators on a clearing and below a 2 year-old Cecropia-commumty at Km 18 of the Manaus-Itacoatiara Road. The instruments worked well in distinguishing the particular responses of individual sites to the impact of atmospheric agents as solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind. Water-loss was primarily dependent on the order of magnitude of the weekly total of solar radiation and the presence or lack of a standing crop. Already a scarce secondary growth will reduce the weekly amount of water lost to the atmosphere considerably. Shelter-wood, however, considering the crop specific demands if introduced to tropical agriculture would provide favourable conditions as far as the impact of atmospheric controls on the tropical environment are concerned.

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Estimating Yield Losses Due to Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas Using Disease Phenotypic Data

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-rs-14-0039 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Genna M. Gaunce ◽

William W. Bockus

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Yellow Dwarf ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽

Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽

The Impact

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Despite the development of cultivars with improved resistance to BYD, little is known about the impact that this resistance has on yield loss from the disease. The intent of this research was to estimate yield loss in winter wheat cultivars in Kansas due to BYD and quantify the reduction in losses associated with resistant cultivars. During seven years, BYD incidence was visually assessed on numerous winter wheat cultivars in replicated field nurseries. When grain yields were regressed against BYD incidence scores, negative linear relationships significantly fit the data for each year and for the combined dataset covering all seven years. The models showed that, depending upon the year, 19–48% (average 33%) of the relative yields was explained by BYD incidence. For the combined dataset, 29% of the relative yield was explained by BYD incidence. The models indicated that cultivars showing the highest disease incidence that year had 25–86% (average 49%) lower yield than a hypothetical cultivar that showed zero incidence. Using the models, the moderate level of resistance in the cultivar Everest was calculated to reduce yield loss from BYD by about 73%. Therefore, utilizing visual BYD symptom evaluations in Kansas coupled with grain yields is useful to estimate yield loss from the disease. Accepted for publication 1 December 2014. Published 9 January 2015.

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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Fusarium culmorum Inoculation on the Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Wheat Flag Leaves

Poljoprivreda ◽

10.18047/poljo.27.2.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 15-24

Author(s):

Magdalena Matić ◽

◽

Rosemary Vuković ◽

Karolina Vrandečić ◽

Ivna Štolfa Čamagajevac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Biotic Stress ◽

Flag Leaf ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Antioxidant Response ◽

The Impact ◽

Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress

During cultivation, wheat is exposed to several abiotic and/or biotic stress conditions that may adversely impact the wheat yield and quality. The impact of abiotic stress caused by nitrogen deficiency and biotic stress caused by phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium culmorum on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf of nine winter wheat varieties (Ficko, U-1, Galloper, BC Mandica, BC Opsesija, Ingenio, Isengrain, Felix, and Bezostaya-1) was analyzed in this study. Hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level were measured as indicators of oxidative stress, while the antioxidant response was determined by measuring the concentration of phenolic compounds and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Wheat variety and nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on all examined biomarkers of oxidative stress in the flag leaf, while the impact of Fusarium treatment was less pronounced. The most significant impact on the measured stress biomarkers had a low nitrogen level, which mainly increased hydrogen peroxide concentration and lipid peroxidation level and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes in most varieties. The obtained results were discussed and compared with the previous study in which biochemical analyzes were performed on the wheat spike. There was no significant strong correlation between flag leaf and spike response in the measured parameters, which, in addition to the variety-specific response, also indicates a tissue-specific antioxidant response.

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Variation in brachiopod microstructure and isotope geochemistry under low pH–ocean acidification–conditions

10.5194/bg-2018-332 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Facheng Ye ◽

Hana Jurikova ◽

Lucia Angiolini ◽

Uwe Brand ◽

Gaia Crippa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Isotope Geochemistry ◽

Shell Growth ◽

Low Ph ◽

Secondary Layer ◽

Ph Conditions ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact ◽

Δ13c And Δ18o

Abstract. Throughout the last few decades and in the near future CO2–induced ocean acidification is potentially a big threat to marine calcite-shelled animals (e.g., brachiopods, bivalves, corals and gastropods). Despite the great number of studies focusing on the effects of acidification on shell growth, metabolism, shell dissolution and shell repair, the consequences on biomineral formation remain poorly understood, and only few studies addressed contemporarily the impact of acidification on shell microstructure and geochemistry. In this study, a detailed microstructure and stable isotope geochemistry investigation was performed on nine adult brachiopod specimens of Magellania venosa (Dixon, 1789), grown in the natural environment as well as in controlled culturing experiments at different pH conditions (ranging 7.35 to 8.15 ± 0.05) over different time intervals (214 to 335 days). Details of shell microstructural features, such as thickness of the primary layer, density and size of endopunctae and morphology of the basic structural unit of the secondary layer were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O) were tested from the secondary shell layer along shell ontogenetic increments in both dorsal and ventral valves. Based on our comprehensive dataset, we observed that, under low pH conditions, M. venosa produced a more organic-rich shell with higher density of and larger endopunctae, and smaller secondary layer fibres, when subjected to about one year of culturing. Also, increasingly negative δ13C and δ18O values are recorded by the shell produced during culturing and are related to the CO2–source in the culture setup. Both the microstructural changes and the stable isotope results are similar to observations on brachiopods from the fossil record and strongly support the value of brachiopods as robust archives of proxies for studying ocean acidification events in the geologic past.

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Sepsis-Associated Cholestasis: The Impact of Mitochondrial Dysfunction (A Case Report)

Iraqi National Journal of Medicine ◽

10.37319/iqnjm.3.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

Behzad Noroozi ◽

Ali Hadi ◽

Bita Shahrami ◽

Ayda Ardabili ◽

Fatemeh Yoonesi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Bilirubin Level ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

High Increase ◽

Early Management ◽

Drug History ◽

Fall From Height ◽

The Impact ◽

Complications And Mortality

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinemia – a condition of elevated serum bilirubin above the reference range, is common in hospitalized patients. The reasons for the increase in the bilirubin level can be pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic. Sepsis is one of the most important causes of hyperbilirubinemia in critically ill patients. Case report: We present a 30-year-old woman with no past medical and drug history who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to multiple trauma and fractures due to a fall from height. During the ICU stay, the patient developed jaundice with a high increase in the bilirubin level. A diagnosis of sepsis-associated cholestasis was considered after ruling out other possible pathologies. The hyperbilirubinemia improved with the early management of sepsis concomitant supportive medical therapy. Conclusion: Early recognition and treatment of sepsis as a cause of cholestasis should be considered in ICU patients. Drugs targeting mitochondrial function would provide rapid hepatic recovery reducing complications and mortality. Keywords: Cholestasis, Critical illness, Hyperbilirubinemia, Liver failure, Sepsis

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Two Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Post-Embryonic Root Biomass Differ in Shoot Re-Growth after Defoliation: Implications for Breeding Grazing Resilient Forages

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8110470 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 470

Author(s):

Paez-Garcia ◽

Liao ◽

Blancaflor

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

Root Traits ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Leaf Clipping ◽

The Impact ◽

Embryonic Root

The ability of forages to quickly resume aboveground growth after grazing is a trait that enables farmers to better manage their livestock for maximum profitability. Leaf removal impairs root growth. As a consequence of a deficient root system, shoot re-growth is inhibited leading to poor pasture performance. Despite the importance of roots for forage productivity, they have not been considered as breeding targets for improving grazing resilience due in large part to the lack of knowledge on the relationship between roots and aboveground biomass re-growth. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) is extensively used as forage source in temperate climates worldwide. Here, we investigated the impact of leaf clipping on specific root traits, and how these influence shoot re-growth in two winter wheat cultivars (i.e., Duster and Cheyenne) with contrasting root and shoot biomass. We found that root growth angle and post-embryonic root growth in both cultivars are strongly influenced by defoliation. We discovered that Duster, which had less post-embryonic roots before defoliation, reestablished its root system faster after leaf cutting compared with Cheyenne, which had a more extensive pre-defoliation post-embryonic root system. Rapid resumption of root growth in Duster after leaf clipping was associated with faster aboveground biomass re-growth even after shoot overcutting. Taken together, our results suggest that lower investments in the production of post-embryonic roots presents an important ideotype to consider when breeding for shoot re-growth vigor in dual purpose wheat.

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Heavy metal content in soil and consumption yield in the vicinity of petrochemical plant

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Land Reclamation ◽

10.2478/v10060-008-0018-1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Zbigniew Karaczun ◽

Leonard Indeka ◽

Grażyna Obidoska

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Metal Content ◽

Heavy Metal Content ◽

Petrochemical Plant ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Current Content ◽

Yield Quality ◽

The Impact

Heavy metal content in soil and consumption yield in the vicinity of petrochemical plant The research on soil and consumption yield quality at the impact zone of the petrochemical plant in Płock (ZRiP), conducted in the 1970s and 80s, proved that the emissions from the plant threatened the agricultural production within the area. As the emission levels from the ZRiP have significantly dropped in recent years, analyses were conducted in order to assess the current content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soils as well as in wheat grain and potato tuber cultivated within the area. The results showed that the soils were not contaminated with above mentioned heavy metals, but the level of cadmium was exceeded in potato tubers collected from three research points and in wheat grain collected from one point.

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Transformations of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Modified Forms During Malt Loaf Production

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12060385 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 385

Author(s):

Marcin Bryła ◽

Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

Tomoya Yoshinari ◽

Krystyna Szymczyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Technical Process ◽

Average Decrease ◽

Modified Mycotoxins ◽

Bread Production ◽

Modified Forms ◽

Fermentation Stage

An increasing number of studies have found that modified mycotoxins, such as free mycotoxins, naturally occur in food, and severely impact food safety. The present study investigated concentrations of trichothecenes nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), together with their modified forms, nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14S), respectively, at successive stages of malt loaf production (flour, dough kneading/fermentation, loaf baking). Toxins in bakery products originate in flour produced from wheat grain that is naturally contaminated with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and did not significantly change during the successive stages of bread production. After the dough kneading/fermentation stage, concentrations of NIV-3G and DON-3G were slightly increased, whereas those of ZEN and ZEN-14S were slightly decreased. The largest average decrease (21%) was found in ZEN-14G. After the baking stage, the average concentrations of NIV-3G, DON-3G, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in the loaf crumb and crust decreased by 23%, 28%, 27%, and 20%, respectively, compared with those in the dough. During this technical process, the concentration of ZEN-14G in loaf crumb significantly decreased by an average of 48%, and those of ZEN, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in loaf crust decreased by an average of 29%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. Considering the possibility of modified mycotoxins degradation to free forms, as well as the ability to synthesize them from free forms during technological processes, it would be prudent to consider them together during analysis.

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