Comparison of environmental profiles for growth and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum on wheat grain

An increasing number of studies have found that modified mycotoxins, such as free mycotoxins, naturally occur in food, and severely impact food safety. The present study investigated concentrations of trichothecenes nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), together with their modified forms, nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV-3G), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), and zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14S), respectively, at successive stages of malt loaf production (flour, dough kneading/fermentation, loaf baking). Toxins in bakery products originate in flour produced from wheat grain that is naturally contaminated with Fusarium culmorum. Mycotoxin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and did not significantly change during the successive stages of bread production. After the dough kneading/fermentation stage, concentrations of NIV-3G and DON-3G were slightly increased, whereas those of ZEN and ZEN-14S were slightly decreased. The largest average decrease (21%) was found in ZEN-14G. After the baking stage, the average concentrations of NIV-3G, DON-3G, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in the loaf crumb and crust decreased by 23%, 28%, 27%, and 20%, respectively, compared with those in the dough. During this technical process, the concentration of ZEN-14G in loaf crumb significantly decreased by an average of 48%, and those of ZEN, ZEN-14S, and ZEN-14G in loaf crust decreased by an average of 29%, 42%, and 48%, respectively. Considering the possibility of modified mycotoxins degradation to free forms, as well as the ability to synthesize them from free forms during technological processes, it would be prudent to consider them together during analysis.

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Transformation of Selected Fusarium Toxins and Their Masked Forms during Malting of Various Cultivars of Wheat

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13120866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 866

Author(s):

Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽

Marcin Bryła ◽

Dorota Michałowska ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

Tomoya Yoshinari

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Secondary Growth ◽

Fusarium Toxins ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

High Increase ◽

Ph Conditions ◽

Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽

The Impact

This study investigated the impact of malting of six wheat cultivars inoculated with Fusarium culmorum on the dynamics of content changes of selected Fusarium toxins. The grains of all the tested cultivars showed a high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivatives, whereas nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found only in the Legenda cultivar. Our experiments confirmed that the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The levels of toxins in malt were few-fold higher than those in grain; an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate as the optimal temperature and pH conditions for the biosynthesis of these toxins by the pathogen are similar to those used in the grain malting process. This is the first paper reporting that during the malting process, biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurs, instead of glycosylation, which is a typical modification of mycotoxins by plant detoxication enzymes.

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Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12080475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Larisa Shcherbakova ◽

Alexandra Rozhkova ◽

Dmitrii Osipov ◽

Ivan Zorov ◽

Oleg Mikityuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Preparation ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Culture Liquid ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Penicillium Canescens ◽

Model Solutions ◽

First Results ◽

Optimal Values

This paper reports the first results on obtaining an enzyme preparation that might be promising for the simultaneous decontamination of plant feeds contaminated with a polyketide fusariotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and enhancing the availability of their nutritional components. A novel ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase (ZHD) was expressed in a Penicillium canescens strain PCA-10 that was developed previously as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes for feed biorefinery. The recombinant ZHD secreted by transformed fungal clones into culture liquid was shown to remove the toxin from model solutions, and was able to decontaminate wheat grain artificially infected with a zearalenone-producing Fusarium culmorum. The dynamics of ZEN degradation depending on the temperature and pH of the incubation media was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters (pH 8.5, 30 °C) for the ZHD-containing enzyme preparation (PR-ZHD) were determined. Under these conditions, the 3 h co-incubation of ZEN and PR-ZHD resulted in a complete removal of the toxin from the model solutions, while the PR-ZHD addition (8 mg/g of dried grain) to flour samples prepared from the infected ZEN-polluted grain (about 16 µg/g) completely decontaminated the samples after an overnight exposure.

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Effects of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Grain and Malt Infected by Fusarium culmorum

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10010017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Valentina Spanic ◽

Tihana Marcek ◽

Ivan Abicic ◽

Bojan Sarkanj

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Head Blight

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The variability of the occurrence of Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat grain in relation to climatic conditions and cultivation methods

Zemdirbyste-Agriculture ◽

10.13080/z-a.2016.103.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryszard Weber ◽

Włodzimierz Kita ◽

Wojciech Pusz ◽

Renata Kieloch

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Cultivation Methods

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FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT AND MYCOTOXIN CONCENTRATIONS IN A MODERATELY RESISTANT WINTER WHEAT CULTIVAR UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRIENT REGIMES

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v7i3.6337 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 1083-1095

Author(s):

Malgorzata Glosek Sobieraj ◽

Bozena Cwalina-Ambroziak ◽

Agnieszka Waskiewicz ◽

Adam Perczak ◽

Arkadiusz Stepien

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

High Performance ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Head Blight ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Infection Index ◽

Fusarium Fungi

Winter wheat cv. Boomer was grown in a field-plot experiment in Tomaszkowo near Olsztyn. During the growing season, the severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB was evaluated on a 5-point scale. The quantitative and qualitative composition of Fusarium fungi colonizing wheat grain was evaluated in a laboratory. The content of Fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON, nivalenol, NIV, zearalenone, ZEA, fumonisins FB1 and FB2) and ergosterol (ERG) in grain was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The relationships between the severity of FHB and mycotoxin concentrations in grain were determined by calculating Pearsonâ€™s correlation coefficient r in the CORR SAS procedure. The effect of microelement fertilizers on the severity of FHB, the species composition of Fusarium fungi colonizing winter wheat grains and mycotoxin concentrations in grain were determined.Analyses of winter wheat spikes revealed that FHB was less severe in 2012 (healthy ears in the NPK+Mn treatment and the lowest value of the infection index 1% was noted in the absolute control treatment) than in 2013 (the most evident symptoms of FHB in the NPK+Nano-Gro treatment â€“ infection index of approx. 12%). Mineral fertilization, i.e. NPK, NPK with microelements (Cu, Zn, Mn) and NPK with the Nano-GroÂ® organic growth stimulator, reduced the production of trichothecenes, ZEA and fumonisins B1 and B2 in both years of the study. The highest levels of DON and NIV were noted in winter wheat grain in 2012 in control, control/NPK, NPK+Cu and NPK+Mn treatments. Toxin-producing fungi: Fusarium culmorum, F. poae, Gibberella avenacea, G. zeae were isolated most frequently from winter wheat grain in the above treatments. The severity of FHB was not significantly correlated with the concentrations of ERG, FB1, FB2 and ZEA in grain. A negative correlation was observed between the severity of FHB vs. DON and NIV levels in grain.

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Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Fungal Communities in Wheat Grain as Influenced by Recycled Phosphorus Fertilizers: A Case Study

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10060239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽

Urszula Wachowska ◽

Marta K. Kostrzewska

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Animal Blood ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Alternaria Infectoria ◽

Clade 1 ◽

Sludge Ash

Waste-based fertilizers provide an alternative to fertilizers made from non-renewable phosphate rock. Fungal communities colonizing the grain of spring wheat fertilized with preparation from sewage sludge ash and dried animal blood (Rec) and the same fertilizer activated by Bacillus megaterium (Bio) were evaluated against those resulting from superphosphate (SP) and no phosphorus (control, C0) treatments. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing system helped to group fungal communities into three clades. Clade 1 (communities from C0, Bio 60 and 80, Rec 80 and SP 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 treatments) was characterized by a high prevalence of Alternaria infectoria, Monographella nivalis and Gibberella tricincta pathogens. Clade 2 (Bio 40 kg, Rec 40 and 60 kg, and SP 60 kg P2O5 ha−1) was characterized by the lowest amount of the identified pathogens. Commercial SP applied at 80 kg P2O5 ha−1 (clade 3) induced the most pronounced changes in the fungal taxa colonizing wheat grain relative to non-fertilized plants. The above was attributed mainly to the lower amount of A. infectoria and higher counts of species of the family Nectriaceae, mostly epiphytic pathogens Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium poae.

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