scholarly journals The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Alfonso Expósito ◽  
Julio Berbel
Keyword(s):  
Water Rights ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Microeconomic Analysis ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Almond Orchards ◽  
Water Scarce

This paper offers an exploratory microeconomic analysis of water use in the cultivation of almonds when water is considered a limiting production factor. When a crop is subjected to water limitation, the microeconomic principles behind irrigation decisions are based upon the water-yield relationship. The analysis is applied to an estimated water-yield response function for irrigated almond trees in southern Spain; our research focuses on determining the optimal irrigation dose when deficit irrigation is applied, as it is usual in water-scarce contexts. The situation in Spain is compared to that of other countries where water rights are less constrained. The economic analysis of the water production function is crucial, since it determines farmers’ income and helps them make appropriate management decisions, such as simultaneous decisions regarding the allocation of limited water to crops and the size of the irrigated area for almond production. Furthermore, public institutions need this basic information for the allocation of water in times of increasing water demand and of limited and decreasing resources.

scholarly journals Water Rights in a Time of Fragility: An Exploration of Contestation and Discourse around Cape Town’s “Day Zero” Water Crisis

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3247
Author(s):  
Jackie Dugard
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The Right

South Africa is an interesting case study on the right to water. It is an upper-middle income country with a history and current reality of extreme racialised inequality, including the water services sphere. It is water scarce, and during 2018, Cape Town was expected to be the first major metropolitan city in the world to run out of water. South Africa has one of the most progressive constitutions in the world, which incorporated socio-economic rights including the right to water as explicitly justiciable long before the international right to water was recognised. However, despite clear water-security and water-equity fault lines on the one hand and conducive legal frameworks on the other hand, there has been relatively little water rights contestation in post-apartheid South Africa. It is this paradox and, in particular, how it played out in the clear case of water insecurity in Cape Town’s “Day Zero” crisis that are the subjects of examination in this article. Aiming to make an original contribution to the scholarship on the “Day Zero” crisis by exploring it from the perspective of interlocutors and those affected by it, this article also hopes to contribute towards a better understanding of the nature and application of water rights more broadly.

Phytophthora crown rot of almond trees

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Wicks ◽  
TC Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Almond Orchards ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

Phytophthora cambivora, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, and P. megasperma were isolated from either crown cankers or the soil around the crown of declining almond trees in South Australia. Severe root rot and crown cankers developed on Chellaston almond seedlings grown in soil artificially infested with the A1 but not the A2 mating type of P. cambivora. Cankers on inoculated plants were similar to those on naturally infected plants. Cankers did not develop on almond seedlings grown in soil infested with either P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea or P. megasperma. Neither extensive root rotting nor crown cankers developed in apricot and peach seedlings grown in soil artificially infested with the A1 mating type of P. cambivora. Phytophthora spp. were detected in 44% of the soil samples collected near the crown of dead and declining trees from 26 commercial almond orchards. In a severely affected orchard up to 17% of mature trees were either dead, missing or in a serious state of decline. Naturally infected trees were frequently found in poorly drained soils and were often associated with dripper irrigation outlets placed close to the trunk.

scholarly journals Water-yield relationships of potato under different irrigation methods and regimens

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolga Erdem ◽  
Yesim Erdem ◽  
Halim Orta ◽  
Hakan Okursoy
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Use Efficiency

Yield response to irrigation of different crops is of major importance in production planning where water resources are limited. This study aims to determine the effect of different irrigation methods and irrigation regimens on potato yield in the Trakya Region, Turkey, during 2003 and 2005. Potato was grown under furrow and drip irrigation methods and three regimens: irrigation applied when 30, 50, or 70% of the available water was consumed. The seasonal potato evapotranspiration ranged on 501 to 683 mm in 2003, and 464 to 647 mm in 2005. The furrow and drip irrigation methods had no significant effect on tuber yield for both years. Irrigation regimens influenced tuber yield (P < 0.05) in 2005, and the highest tuber yield was registered for 30% irrigation regimen, reaching 35.13 t ha-1 in 2003, and 44.56 t ha-1 in 2005. Water use efficiency values increased from 4.70 to 6.63 kg m-3 for furrow-irrigated treatments, and from 5.19 to 9.47 kg m-3 for drip-irrigated treatments.

scholarly journals Water-Yield Relations of Drip Irrigated Watermelon in Temperate Climatic Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Borivoj Pejić ◽  
Ksenija Mačkić ◽  
Srdjan Pavković ◽  
Branka Ljevnaić-Mašić ◽  
Miroljub Aksić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Summary The objective of the study, conducted in Vojvodina a northern part of the Serbia Republic, was to analyse the effect of drip irrigation on yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity of watermelon (Cirullus lanatus Thunb.) grown with plasticulture. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration was computed using the reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficient. The yield of watermelon in irrigation conditions (37,28 t/ha) was significantly higher compared to non irrigated (9,98 t/ha). Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions was 398 mm and 117 mm on non irrigated variant. The crop yield response factor of 1,04 for the whole growing season reveals that relative yield decrease was nearly equal to the rate of evapotranspiration deficit. The values of irrigation water use efficiency and evapotranspiration water use efficiency were 9,93 kg/m3 and 10,29 kg/m3 respectively. The determined results could be used as a good platform for watermelon growers in the region, in terms of improvement of the optimum utilization of irrigation water.

scholarly journals Spatial priority conservation areas for water yield ecosystem service under climate changes in Teshio watershed, northernmost Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-129
Author(s):  
Min Fan ◽  
Hideaki Shibata ◽  
Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Average Water ◽  
Conservation Model ◽  
Optimal Protection

Abstract Effective information regarding water yield response to climate change provides useful support for decision making in water resources management. By integrating a hydrology model into a systematic conservation model, we developed an approach for modeling impacts of climate change on the water cycles and constructing spatial priority conservation areas for water yield ecosystem services in Teshio watershed located in northernmost Japan. The climate changes were projected to have impacts in increasing surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater discharge and water yield. Surface runoff especially decreased in April and May and increased in March and September with rising temperature. We then investigated the spatial hotspots of water yields in typical periods (February, April and October, annual average water yield) to determine spatially priority conservation areas for water resources in terms of their different protection targets. The results also indicated that the areas of spatial optimal protection for water yields across different periods dynamically changed from spatial and temporal standpoints. The optimal priority conservation areas were concentrated in the southwest, north and southeast of Teshio watershed through comprehensively taking into account water yields in typical periods. Our results indicated that combination of hydrology and systematic conservation models would improve sustainable management of water resources across the watershed.

scholarly journals Glassy-Winged Sharpshooters Expected to Increase Plant Disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Purcell ◽  
Stuart R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pierce's Disease ◽  
Leaf Scorch ◽  
Pierce’S Disease ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Almond Orchards ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Almond Leaf Scorch

As it moves through California, the new pest known as glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) may significantly increase the spread of plant diseases caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. The bacterium causes Pierce's disease of grapevines, almond leaf scorch and the newly recognized oleander leaf scorch disease. Currently, almond leaf scorch is a minor problem for California's almonds, but if GWSS becomes established in significant numbers in or near almond orchards, it might increase the incidence of almond leaf scorch. Our studies show that GWSS and two other sharpshooter species can transmit X. fastidiosa from diseased oleanders to healthy oleanders. GWSS also can transmit Pierce's disease strains of the bacterium from grapevine to grapevine and to almond trees. The oleander strain of the bacterium did not infect grapevines, but the ability of GWSS to transmit Pierce's disease strains may increase the spread of this lethal grapevine disease in vineyards bordering citrus orchards or other habitats where invading GWSS may establish permanent populations. Posted 27 December 2000.

Yield response of almond trees to transpiration deficits

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel López-López ◽  
Mónica Espadafor ◽  
Luca Testi ◽  
Ignacio Jesús Lorite ◽  
Francisco Orgaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
Almond Trees
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