Method of assessing the economic availability of fish products to ensure food security

Продовольственная безопасность помимо прочего означает доступность продуктов питания для всех членов общества. Исходя из этого, одна из задач управления продовольственной безопасностью состоит в обеспечении такого режима функционирования рыночного механизма, при котором достигается баланс между спросом и предложением продовольствия на уровне общественно приемлемых норм его потребления. Целью статьи является совершенствование технологии и инструментов управления продовольственной безопасностью РФ в той их части, которая предназначена для оценки состояния и разработки мероприятий по повышению экономической доступности рыбных товаров. Методология исследования базируется на сочетании теоретических положений концепции благосостояния и микроэкономического анализа. В работе исследуются закономерности спроса на рыбные товары, служащие оценке их доступности с позиции частного и общего благосостояния. Для этого используется модель расчета экономического излишка потребителя, позволяющая в явном виде оценивать экономическую доступность рыбных товаров. На основании полученных результатов предлагаются возможные направления принятия управленческих решений в сфере продовольственной безопасности, нацеленные на повышение доступности рыбных товаров. Food security means the availability of food for everyone in society, among other things. Therefore, one of the goals of food security management is to ensure the functioning of the market mechanism, when a balance is achieved between the demand and supply of food and a socially acceptable level of its consumption is ensured.. The purpose of the paper is to develop food security management tools in the Russian Federation designed to assess the state and develop recommendations for improving the economic availability of fish products. The research methodology is based on a combination of the concept of welfare and microeconomic analysis, when economic accessibility is characterized by certain market parameters. The paper examines models of demand for fish products, which then serve to assess accessibility from the point of view of private and general welfare using the model of economic surplus. The obtained results allowed us to propose directions for making managerial decisions in the field of food security aimed at increasing the availability of fish products.

Macro and microeconomic analysis of the impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Chile and the projections of the central bank's

This article offers a first approximation of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Chilean macro and microeconomic environment, using representative data from the latest formal surveys in the country. Here, the number of active firms plummeted in part due to the social crisis that began on October 18, 2019, and losses were felt in most industries due to the pandemic crisis that continues to generate job losses and low business profitability. These first results have implications for central bank policies and can predict medium and medium-term projections, especially for the country's economic and social growth.

Theory of industrial organization: The problem of defining the subject.

The object of analysis in the industrial organization theory remains debatable. A comparative approach applied to solve the problem in the study shows that the object in the industrial organization theory is conventionally interpreted as different forms of applied, i. e. industrial, microeconomics. The author views industrial market as a structural component of economy with its own laws of development. If the object of analysis in the industrial organization theory is the industry itself, then the subject should be focused on studying the driving forces which determine the direction of its development. The objects of analysis in the current industrial markets theory and in microeconomic analysis match due to their common methodology – the statistical analysis. Given the industry’s dynamic nature, it would be the most appropriate to reproduce the approach which combines systematic and dynamic methods. This approach demonstrates that industry’s evolution is driven by the resolution of contradictions between the firm and market conditions. The direct cause of market changes are shown to be the changes in the productive forces, and the direct driving force is the firm. While changing, the firm creates new market conditions which accumulate and trigger qualitative transformations of the market, forcing it to adapt to the changes in a new way. An on-going contradiction between them becomes the engine of development for both the industry and the firm. This interpretation of the object in the industrial organization theory and the reproduced methodology used provide ample opportunities for solving two theoretically and pragmatically crucial problems – defining the causes and factors of the industrial markets development, and defining the patterns in product markets development, which allows us to predict the process of market evolution. Further analysis of the internal development will reveal the evolutionary nature of the industries and markets and give some insights into the nature of their interaction with the society’s productive forces and public institutes being the reflections of the production relationships.

Assessment of management decisions as a factor in the sustainable functioning of an enterprise

The cost of managerial labor, especially managers of the top, middle and lower levels of management, is estimated by various methods, the article proposes to assess through the tension, intensity and complexity of labor by levels of management. This is especially important in times of crisis, when it is required to actively seek better conditions for the enterprise, to organize the work of subordinates in accordance with the new requirements. With an increase in costs and a decrease in the effectiveness of the management staff, in particular, the risk of bankruptcy and a significant decrease in the competitiveness of the enterprise in such conditions of instability increases rapidly. The criticism of macroeconomic indices is carried out and a microeconomic analysis and a method for assessing the intensity, intensity and complexity of labor at different levels of management are proposed. It is known that the most significant costs that have reserves for reduction are personnel costs, including management costs. Based on the analysis of the correlation and mathematical dependence, the ratio of wages by levels of management on a contract basis was determined based on the minimum established level of wages at the enterprise.

Urgensi Hakim Pemeriksaan Pendahuluan dalam Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia

This article aims to analyze the importance of the preliminary supervisory judges stipulated in the Draft Criminal Procedure Code to replace pretrial institutions regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code in the future. As for the preliminary Supervisory Judge, it was formed with the aim of improving pretrial institutions which are deemed not running properly at this time. The problem focuses on the legal consequences of the use of violence by the investigator against the suspect or witness and the importance of the Preliminary Examination Judge to be applied to criminal justice in Indonesia to address the problem of the use of force by investigators. In order to answer this problem, a theoretical reference is used that applies to the process of proof in criminal procedural law and uses a microeconomic analysis of criminal law to analyze how important the enforcement of the Preliminary Examination Judge in Indonesia is. The research method used in this article is the statue approach and conceptual approach. This study concludes that the enforcement of Preliminary Examination Judges needs to be reviewed again, because there are still many deficiencies contained in the Draft KUHAP which regulates Preliminary Examination Judges. Although on the one hand the Preliminary Examination Judge is very much needed to overcome the problem of violence by investigators in the investigation, on the other hand there are other things that need to be reviewed so that criminal justice in Indonesia can be better in the future.

The Economics of Irrigation in Almond Orchards. Application to Southern Spain

This paper offers an exploratory microeconomic analysis of water use in the cultivation of almonds when water is considered a limiting production factor. When a crop is subjected to water limitation, the microeconomic principles behind irrigation decisions are based upon the water-yield relationship. The analysis is applied to an estimated water-yield response function for irrigated almond trees in southern Spain; our research focuses on determining the optimal irrigation dose when deficit irrigation is applied, as it is usual in water-scarce contexts. The situation in Spain is compared to that of other countries where water rights are less constrained. The economic analysis of the water production function is crucial, since it determines farmers’ income and helps them make appropriate management decisions, such as simultaneous decisions regarding the allocation of limited water to crops and the size of the irrigated area for almond production. Furthermore, public institutions need this basic information for the allocation of water in times of increasing water demand and of limited and decreasing resources.

Evidence based development economics: Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2019

The 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer for developing experimental approach to studying the problem of reducing world inequality. The works of laureates combine detailed microeconomic analysis of practical problems related to development economics with careful empirical estimation of the effects of particular development programs through the use of field experiments. The paper discusses methodological contribution of the laureates, their influence on changing economists’ approach to working on practical issues related to development economics. The paper also provides a short survey of the results of their research in areas of economics of education, health and behavioral economics, microcredit, and gender inequality.