scholarly journals Volatile Profile of Wall Rocket Baby-Leaves (Diplotaxis erucoides) Grown under Greenhouse: Main Compounds and Genotype Diversity

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Guijarro-Real ◽  
Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo ◽  
Ana Fita
Keyword(s):  
Leafy Vegetable ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Organoleptic Quality ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Genotype Diversity ◽  
Main Fraction ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Diplotaxis Erucoides

Wall rocket is a leafy vegetable with pungent flavor related to the presence of isothiocyanates (ITCs). Despite interest in it as a crop of high organoleptic quality, the variability of the volatile profile in the species remains unknown. Twenty-four populations grown under a greenhouse were evaluated. A considerable diversity for the total levels of volatiles was found, providing information of the aroma intensity among accessions. ITCs represented the main fraction. Allyl ITC was the main compound, and levels showed up to 6-fold difference among populations. The esters fraction was mainly represented by cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate and cis-3-hexenyl butyrate, with 20-fold differences among populations. Additionally, the content in sinigrin was evaluated as main GSL in wall rocket. Differences reached up to 13-fold. These results suggest that some populations can be used to develop highly pungent varieties, whereas some others can be selected for mild-pungent varieties, as it is the case of DER045 with low levels of ITCs and high in esters. The presence of several ITCs in the profile also suggested the presence of other novel GSLs. Overall, the work increases the knowledge in the variability of wall rocket for the volatile profile and sinigrin accumulation, a starting point for future breeding programs.

Nitrogen use efficiency: re-consideration of the bioengineering approach

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Brauer ◽  
Barry J. Shelp
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

There is considerable confusion about N use efficiency (NUE) in the plant literature. We would like to propose the simple and ubiquitous definitions described by Good et al. (2004) as a starting point for studies of NUE. Based on this terminology, there is evidence from breeding programs for variation in both uptake efficiency (UpE) and utilization efficiency (UtE). Molecular physiology studies typically address mechanisms for improving NUE, but often do not calculate NUE or even acquire appropriate data for calculating NUE. Herein, we report in detail on recent studies involving molecular approaches for improving NUE, and calculate changes in NUE where possible. The evidence suggests that there is potential for improving usage index and UpE in dicots and UpE and UtE in monocots by overexpressing enzymes for N assimilation, specifically glutamine synthetase 1, glutamate synthase, and alanine aminotransferase. If decreased fertilizer-N input and improved NUE are truly goals of the plant biology community, researchers are encouraged to (i) consider the use of both wild type and azygous controls, (ii) compare general NUE (on the basis of grain or biomass yield per unit of applied N) of overexpression mutants and controls at both limiting and non-limiting N levels, (iii) select an appropriate type of specific NUE for assessing the physiological mechanisms involved (uptake versus internal utilization), and (iv) confirm promising results under field conditions.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Management of Fusarium Wilt of China Asters

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade H. Elmer ◽  
Robert J. McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
China Aster ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
On Farm

The epidemiology and strategies for management of Fusarium wilt of China aster (Callistephus chinensis) were studied in Connecticut and Florida, USA, by examining seed contamination, on-farm disease incidence, sanitation, host resistance, and various soil treatments. Five out of 25 commercial seed packages from three separate distribution companies assayed in Connecticut had seeds contaminated with the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi. Farm surveys of two cut-flower farms in Connecticut had disease incidences of 32 and 58%, while in Florida, the incidence of the disease ranged from 0.002 to 71.2% in two cut-flower operations. All pathogenic isolates from seed and symptomatic plants in Connecticut were vegetatively compatible, suggesting a common origin. Pathogenic isolates from Florida and nonpathogenic isolates fell into different vegetative compatibility groups and may have had another origin. Sodium hypochlorite solutions (1%) eliminated the fungus from seeds and Styrofoam when applied as a soak or spray, respectively. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide + chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, or metam sodium maintained Fusarium wilt at low levels at a Florida cut-flower production facility. Evaluations of disease resistance of 44 cultivars in the greenhouse identified eight cultivars with moderate resistance. Four cultivars were identified with moderate resistance in field trials and thus could serve as a source of resistant germplasm for future breeding programs. These findings should encourage growers to use sanitation protocols to prevent entry of the pathogen into their fields and to choose commercially available cultivars that have moderate resistance.

scholarly journals Growing Conditions Affect the Phytochemical Composition of Edible Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides)

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Guijarro-Real ◽  
Ana M. Adalid-Martínez ◽  
Katherine Aguirre ◽  
Jaime Prohens ◽  
Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
System A ◽  
High Effect ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Diplotaxis Erucoides ◽  
Growing Conditions

Wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides) is a wild vegetable with the potential to become a crop of high antioxidant quality. The main bioactive compounds include ascorbic acid (AA), sinigrin, and a high content of total phenolic compounds (TP). It also accumulates nitrates. Since these compounds are affected by environmental conditions, adequate crop management may enhance its quality. Eleven accessions of wall rocket were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions during two cycles (winter and spring) and compared to Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia crops. The three species did not differ greatly. As an exception, sinigrin was only identified in wall rocket. For the within-species analysis, the results revealed a high effect of the growing system, but this was low among accessions. The highest contents of AA and TP were obtained under field conditions. In addition, the levels of nitrates were lower in this system. A negative correlation between nitrates and antioxidants was determined. As a counterpart, cultivation in the field–winter environment significantly decreased the percentage of humidity (87%). These results are of relevance for the adaptation of wall rocket to different growing conditions and suggest that the field system enhances its quality. The low genotypic differences suggest that intra-species selections in breeding programs may consider other aspects with greater variation.

scholarly journals Consumers acceptance and volatile profile of wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides)

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 109008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Guijarro-Real ◽  
Jaime Prohens ◽  
Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo ◽  
Ana Fita
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Diplotaxis Erucoides

A Human Factors Perspective on Ethical Concerns of Vehicle Automation

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1844-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley J. Kumfer ◽  
Samuel J. Levulis ◽  
Megan D. Olson ◽  
Richard A. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Knowledge Synthesis ◽  
Respect For Persons ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Different Levels

This paper presents a knowledge synthesis of ethical questions for the application of rational ethics theories to human factors in vehicle automation. First, a brief summary of ethical concerns related to transportation automation and human factors is presented. A series of theoretical questions are then posed for different levels of vehicle automation. Particular concerns relating to the Principle of Utility and the Principle of Respect for Persons are highlighted for low levels of automation, high levels of automation, and full automation through the use of theoretical scenarios. Although some recommendations are drawn from these scenarios, the primary purpose of this paper is to serve as a starting point to encourage discussion and collaboration between human factors professionals, engineers, policymakers, transportation officials, software programmers, manufacturers, and the driving public regarding realistic goals for automated vehicle implementation.

scholarly journals Identification of Antimalarial Inhibitors Using Late-Stage Gametocytes in a Phenotypic Live/Dead Assay

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Spicer ◽  
Donald L. Gardiner ◽  
Frank J. Schoenen ◽  
Sudeshna Roy ◽  
Patrick R. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Original Activity ◽  
Small Molecule Drug ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
Low Levels

Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with ~3.3 billion people at risk of contracting malaria and an estimated 450,000 deaths each year. While tools to reduce the infection prevalence to low levels are currently under development, additional efforts will be required to interrupt transmission. Transmission between human host and vector by the malaria parasite involves gametogenesis in the host and uptake of gametocytes by the mosquito vector. This stage is a bottleneck for reproduction of the parasite, making it a target for small-molecule drug discovery. Targeting this stage, we used whole Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from in vitro culture and implemented them into 1536-well plates to create a live/dead phenotypic antigametocyte assay. Using specialized equipment and upon further validation, we screened ~150,000 compounds from the NIH repository currently housed at Scripps Florida. We identified 100 primary screening hits that were tested for concentration response. Additional follow-up studies to determine specificity, potency, and increased efficacy of the antigametocyte candidate compounds resulted in a starting point for initial medicinal chemistry intervention. From this, 13 chemical analogs were subsequently tested as de novo powders, which confirmed original activity from the initial analysis and now provide a point of future engagement.

scholarly journals Introducing Beneficial Alleles from Plant Genetic Resources into the Wheat Germplasm

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Shivali Sharma ◽  
Albert Schulthess ◽  
Filippo Bassi ◽  
Ekaterina Badaeva ◽  
Kerstin Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Elite Germplasm

Wheat (Triticum sp.) is one of the world’s most important crops, and constantly increasing its productivity is crucial to the livelihoods of millions of people. However, more than a century of intensive breeding and selection processes have eroded genetic diversity in the elite genepool, making new genetic gains difficult. Therefore, the need to introduce novel genetic diversity into modern wheat has become increasingly important. This review provides an overview of the plant genetic resources (PGR) available for wheat. We describe the most important taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of these PGR to guide their use in wheat breeding. In addition, we present the status of the use of some of these resources in wheat breeding programs. We propose several introgression schemes that allow the transfer of qualitative and quantitative alleles from PGR into elite germplasm. With this in mind, we propose the use of a stage-gate approach to align the pre-breeding with main breeding programs to meet the needs of breeders, farmers, and end-users. Overall, this review provides a clear starting point to guide the introgression of useful alleles over the next decade.

Effect of Low Temperature on Floral Induction of Eucalyptus lansdowneana F. Muell. & J. Brown subsp. lansdowneana

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Moncur
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Radiation Conditions ◽  
Short Days

Transferring seedlings of Eucalyptus lansdowneana from a heated glasshouse (24/19°C) to a cold glasshouse (15/10°C) for 5 or 10 weeks and back to the heated glasshouse was sufficient to induce floral buds. Bud production was further enhanced when seedlings were transferred to cold conditions during periods of high solar radiation. Under low levels of solar radiation and short duration of cold, 0-5 weeks, plants reverted to vegetative development, suggesting a low floral induction stimulus. Seedlings that produced a visible floral inflorescence had fewer leaves than seedlings grown under similar conditions that had not produced an inflorescence. This was more noticeable under high-radiation conditions. Plants grown under outside conditions in Canberra and transferred to a heated glasshouse (25/ 18°C) during winter initiated inflorescences 7-9 weeks earlier than plants grown continuously outside. The early initiation enabled buds to develop and flower before the onset of the following winter. More buds were initiated in plants transferred to the glasshouse in September compared with 16 June or 28 July. Plants transferred on 16 June initiated few buds or none at all. These plants may have been in a juvenile or transitional stage of development, experienced insufficient cold for full induction or been limited by the low winter irradiances. Floral response occurred under both long days (phytotron) and short days under outside conditions in Canberra, suggesting that E. lansdowneana may well be relatively insensitive to day length. These results are discussed in relation to controlled breeding programs which aim to manipulate flowering time and duration to decrease the generation interval.

scholarly journals Grapevine Non-vinifera Genetic Diversity Assessed by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers as a Starting Point for New Rootstock Breeding Programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Migliaro ◽  
Gabriella De Lorenzis ◽  
Giovambattista Simone Di Lorenzo ◽  
Barbara De Nardi ◽  
Massimo Gardiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat Markers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
Rootstock Breeding

scholarly journals Volatile Profile of Nuts, Key Odorants and Analytical Methods for Quantification

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1611
Author(s):  
Arantzazu Valdés García ◽  
Raquel Sánchez Romero ◽  
Adriana Juan Polo ◽  
Soledad Prats Moya ◽  
Salvador Maestre Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Key Odorants ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Raw Material Selection

The presence of nuts in diets has notably increased due to their composition, and the presence of antioxidants and their unsaturated fatty acid profile has led to a considerable increase in their consumption. The volatile profile of nuts is important from different points of view. It affects consumer’s selection, influences raw material selection for the production of composite foods, dictates variety selection in breeding programs, and, from a quality perspective, its changes can indicate food degradation or alteration. A review of the published bibliography concerning the determination of volatiles in nuts has been carried out. The information retrieved has been divided into four main sections. First, a discussion on the main volatiles present in nuts is performed; next, a revision of the methods used to determine the volatiles is presented; and, finally, two sections describing how harvesting conditions, healthy state and the thermal treatment of nuts modifies their volatile profile are added. Analysis of the published bibliography denoted the complexity of volatile determination and the different variables that can modify the compounds present in the volatile fraction of nuts.

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