scholarly journals Methodology for Assessing Progeny Production and Grain Damage on Commodities Treated with Insecticides

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Arthur ◽  
W. Robert Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Sample Weight Loss

In evaluating insecticides, progeny production on grain commodities can be evaluated by either exposing adults on a commodity for a given time period, then removing them and assessing mortality and progeny production, or by leaving the adults on the commodity continuously, and then assessing progeny production. Little research directly compares these methodologies. Thus, our aims were to: (1) determine residual efficacy of Diacon IGR+ (methoprene+deltamethrin) and Gravista (methoprene+deltamethrin+piperonyl butoxide) on wheat, corn, and brown rice over the course of a year, using bioassays with select stored product insects at different time intervals, and (2) directly compare the two different methods of parental adult exposure on progeny production. Adults were either exposed for 7 d, then removed and assessed for survival, and the commodities were held for 6–7 weeks to assess progeny production, or adults were continuously exposed on the commodities for 6–7 weeks. Commodities were aged and sampled every 3 months for 12 months. Afterwards, samples were examined for progeny, sample weight loss, and insect feeding damage. Each insecticide killed exposed adults and prevented progeny of Rhyzopertha dominica on wheat and brown rice, and Tribolium castaneum on corn. There was extensive survival of Sitophilus spp. on all commodities, though Gravista did initially suppress S. oryzae on wheat and S. zeamais on corn compared to Diacon IGR+. Progeny, weight loss, and insect feeding damage were positively correlated in the 7 d exposure compared with continuous parental exposure. Both insecticides will control R. dominica and externally-feeding insects, but may exhibit reduced effectiveness for Sitophilus spp., especially S. oryzae. Food managers can utilize these data to more effectively plan management programs.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Combinations of Methoprene and Deltamethrin as Long-Term Commodity Protectants

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank H. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Sample Weight Loss

Wheat, corn, and brown rice were treated with different combinations of a deltamethrin suspension concentrate (SC) formulation and a new emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation, at rates of either 0.5 or 1.0 ppm alone or in combination with 1.25 and 2.5 ppm methoprene (10 treatments in all, including an untreated control). Treated commodities were stored at ambient conditions on the floor of an empty grain bin in Manhattan, KS, USA, in 5-kg lots for individual replicates. The commodities were sampled and bio-assayed every three months for 15 months by exposing 10 mixed-sex parental adults of selected adult stored product insects on 70–80 g of the commodity. For all treatments, there was no regression of declining efficacy with respect to the month. Therefore, the data were combined for analysis. On wheat and brown rice, there was no reproduction of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in any of the treatments, and there was no weight loss in either commodity that was caused by feeding of the parental adults or developing progeny. There was reproduction of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on wheat but, for several combinations, the EC formulation gave better suppression of progeny compared to the standard SC. However, on brown rice, only the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene was different than other treatments with respect to progeny development, sample weight loss caused by feeding, and weight of the feeding damage itself. Progeny production was correlated with grain damage. No progeny of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) developed on the treated corn, but there was some variation in insect damage, with less damage in those treatments involving the EC formulation. Progeny production of Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) was at the lowest in the combination of 1.0 ppm deltamethrin EC and 2.5 ppm methoprene. The resulting insect damage was the lowest in this combination as well. Results of this study were used by the registrant (Central Life Sciences) in the United States (US) to modify the commercial formulation to replace the deltamethrin SC with the EC, at label rates of either 0.5 ppm EC+ 1.25 ppm methoprene, or 1.0 ppm EC + 2.5 ppm methoprene, on wheat, corn, and rice.

scholarly journals Residual Efficacy of a Deltamethrin Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) after Partial Treatment of Brown Rice

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Lesser Grain Borer ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Residual Efficacy

Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.), the lesser grain borer, and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), the Angoumois grain moth, are internally feeding stored product insects that can infest raw grains. In this test, brown rice was treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of a new emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of the pyrethroid deltamethrin and stored for 12 months. One day after treatment, and every 3 months for 12 months, treated rice was mixed with untreated brown rice in the following ratios: 0:100 (untreated controls), 10:90, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (all treated). Bioassays were conducted by exposing 10 parental adults of each species on the rice mixtures and assessing progeny production, feeding damage, and weight loss. The progeny of S. cerealella ranged from 105.6 F1 adults on untreated brown rice to 69.4 F1 adults on 100% treated rice, but there was little feeding damage or weight loss. The progeny production of R. dominica declined from 177.4 F1 adults on untreated rice to 9.8 F1 adults on 100% treated rice. Weight loss and feeding damage were correlated with progeny production. The results show that the new deltamethrin formulation could be used for protection of brown rice, but S. cerealella may be less susceptible to deltamethrin compared to R. dominica.

Susceptibility of Twelve Genotypes of Triticale to the Rice Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the Lesser Grain Borer (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)2

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Baker ◽  
F. H. Arthur ◽  
P. L. Bruckner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Lesser Grain Borer ◽  
Total Progeny

Population development by the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and feeding damage caused by the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), were assessed on twelve triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes maintained at 25°C and at 11.7 or 14.2% moisture content. Among genotypes at 14.2% moisture content, total progeny production by the rice weevil ranged from 7.1 (GA82014) to 8.8 (87AB13541) weevils per female-day; mean time to adult emergence ranged from 35.5 (GA82014) to 36.9 days (87AB13541 and CT4699); and rate of emergence (a measure of the slope of the cumulative emergence curve at the average emergence day) ranged from 0.59 (87AB 13541) to 0.72 (‘Morrison’). Although there were some statistical differences among these population growth parameters on different triticale genotypes, all genotypes were at least as susceptible as the long grain brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cultivar ‘Florida 302’) controls tested concurrently. Development time of rice weevils was significantly delayed and total progeny production after 65 days was reduced about 17-fold on triticale genotypes at 11.7% moisture content. About 3-fold more frass was produced by lesser grain borers feeding for 7 days at 25°C on triticale genotypes at 14.2% moisture content compared to that obtained on genotypes at 11.7% moisture content. Significantly more feeding and frass production by lesser grain borers occurred on triticale and wheat than occurred on rice.

scholarly journals Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome induced by short-term weight loss: a case series

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudai Tamura ◽  
Tomohiro Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Uncommon Condition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Background Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is an uncommon condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation in the standing or sitting position that improves in the supine position. Case summary We report two cases of POS caused by an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both cases reported a recent decrease in body weight of more than 10 kg in a short time period. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with agitated saline bubble study revealed and a large amount of contrast bubble through the ASD (Patient 1) or the PFO (Patient 2) from the right atrium to the left atrium in the sitting position. Both patients were diagnosed by the finding of positional dyspnoea and the results of TOE using agitated saline bubble contrast. Discussion Taken together, their presentations suggest that weight loss in a short time period could be a pathogenic factor for POS.

scholarly journals Assessment of Insecticidal Potency of Eggshell Powder Against Maize Weevil

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Olagunju O.D. ◽  
Rahman M.O. ◽  
Okparavero N.F. ◽  
Abah I.A. ◽  
Odutola B.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Chicken Eggshell ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Negative Controls

Efficacy of chicken eggshell powder at concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g /100 g maize, for control of Sitophilus zeamais, were compared with permethrin at dosage rate of 0.167g / 100 g of yellow maize. Experiments were conducted at Biotechnology laboratory (NSPRI), Ilorin under ambient condition (26±3oC 65±5% RH). Mortality of S. zeamais increased with increasing dosages of the CESP as well as with days of exposure. CESP at 2.0g gives 96.67% mortality which is not significantly different from the positive control. The mean progeny emergence (0.00%), weight loss (1.11%), and percentage grain damage (19.68%) by S. zeamais was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased with increased dosage of CESP. However, CESP did not significantly affect seed germination. Total coliform count at 2.0 g (2.48 x 102) was significantly different from both positive and negative controls at p<0.05 Therefore, CESP can serve as a good maize protectant which can be used as substitute for synthetic chemicals.

scholarly journals Synergetic effects of two botanical entomocides as pest-protectants in maize grains

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayode David Ileke ◽  
Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽  
Emmanuel Oluwaseun Obajulaye
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Synergetic Effects ◽  
Grain Damage

<em>Sitophilus zeamais</em> Motschulsky infestation causes severe post-harvest losses of cereal grains in Nigeria leading to major nutritional and economic losses. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of <em>Myrcianthes fragrans</em> and <em>Aframomum melegueta</em> seed powders and methanol extract as well as their synergetic effects on <em>S. zeamais</em>. The ability of the plant products to protect maize grain against <em>S. zeamais</em> infestation was assessed in terms of mortality 24 to 96 h posttreatment, oviposition, and adult emergence, weight loss and grains damage. <em>M. fragrans</em> and <em>A. melegueta</em> products significantly cause adult mortality of <em>S. zeamais</em>. <em>M. fragrans</em> products were the most toxic as it evoked 100% adult mortality within 24 h of application while<em> A. melegueta</em> products evoked 100% mortality of <em>S. zeamais</em> at 48 and 72 h post treatment, respectively. The synergetic effects of the plant products caused 100% adult mortality at 48 and 72 h post-treatment, respectively. Oviposition, adult emergence, weight loss and damage of the maize grains treated with the plant products were completely inhibited compared with untreated grains. The results obtained revealed that 2 g and 2% sole application of <em>M. fragrans</em> and mixed application of <em>M. fragrans</em> and <em>A. melegueta</em> products were effective in controlling <em>Sitophilus zeamais</em> post-harvest infestation and grain damage and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticide in ensuring steady supply of maize grains, thus ensuring food security as the plants are of medicinal and nutritional quality.

scholarly journals Effects of spinosad and abamectin on different populations of rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in treated wheat grain

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Andric ◽  
Petar Kljajic ◽  
Marijana Prazic-Golic
Keyword(s):  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Rice Weevil ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Parental Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Natural Insecticides

In laboratory conditions (25?1.C and 60?5% r.h.) effects of natural insecticides spinosad and abamectin on five S. oryzae populations (laboratory, Sid, Gornji Milanovac, Zabari and Novi Pazar) were investigated. Both insecticides for all tested populations were applied to untreated wheat grain at following rates 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg AI/kg, subsequently 25 adults were added in each plastic vessels (V=200 cm3) containing 50 g of treated wheat, in four replicates, for each population tested. Mortality of weevils was determined after 2-, 7- and 14-days, and the effect on progeny production was determined 8-weeks from parental exposure. Efficacy of spinosad and abamectin after 2-days of weevil exposure for all tested populations and all application rates was <15%. After 7-days of exposure, the efficacy was ?95% for weevils from Zabari, in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg of spinosad and abamectin, and for weevils from Gornji Milanovac, only in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg of spinosad. After 14-days of exposure the efficacy ?95% was found for laboratory weevils and weevils from Zabari and Gornji Milanovac, in wheat treated with 1 and 2 mg/kg of spinosad, and for S. oryzae from Novi Pazar and Sid, in wheat treated with 2 mg/kg of spinosad. At the same time for all tested populations abamectin at rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg was 94-100% efficien t. No insecticide achieved total (100%) progeny reduction in tested populations of S. oryzae, while high progeny reduction (?95%) was found only in weevils which were in contact with wheat treated with 1 and 2 mg/kg of abamectin. The results showed that for highly efficient control of different populations of S. oryzae in wheat grain, ?2 mg/kg of abamectin, and, particularly, spinosad should be applied.

Relative susceptibility of 20 elite maize varieties to infestation and damage by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Nwosu ◽  
C.O. Adedire ◽  
E.O. Ogunwolu ◽  
M.O. Ashamo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Maize Weevil ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Maize Varieties

Susceptibility studies keep farmers informed, and enhance breeding programmes' testing against infestation and damage by stored product pests. Therefore, the susceptibility of 20 elite maize varieties toSitophilus zeamaisinfestation was investigated in the laboratory at 32.7 °C ambient temperature and 70.4% relative humidity. The varieties tested were obtained from the Maize Breeding Units of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&amp;T), both in Ibadan, Nigeria. Susceptibility was assessed, using as indices, weevil mortality and survival rates, percentage grain damage, percentage grain weight loss, weight of grain powder, weevil development time, and number of emerged adults. The susceptibility index was determined post-infestation at 56 days using Dobie's formula and at 90 days from a new formula derived from Dobie's formula. Susceptible varieties produced significantly (P≤ 0.05) high numbers of F1and F2progeny, and had significantly (P≤ 0.05) low weevil mortality and early first weevil emergence. Grain damage and loss increased with storage duration. There was no visible damage to varieties 2000SYNEE-WSTR and TZBRELD3C5 at 56 days post-infestation. At 90 days, the two varieties had the lowest percentage grain damage, percentage weight loss, and weight of grain powder. The index of susceptibility at F2progeny showed that the resistant varieties decreased in number from 17 (85%) to 13 (65%) and the moderately resistant varieties increased from 2 (10%) to 6 (30%). This suggests the effect of prolonged storage duration on the inherent ability of varieties to resist weevil attack. Variety PVASYN3F2 was susceptible. The factors conferring high resistance to 2000SYNEE-WSTR and TZBRELD3C5 should be investigated. They should be promoted to controlS. zeamaisinfestation and damage in stored maize.

Enhanced-Efficacy Iranian Diatomaceous Earth for Controlling Two Stored-Product Insect Pests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmeh Delgarm ◽  
Masumeh Ziaee ◽  
Alan McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Silica Aerogel ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity of three diatomaceous earth (DE) products, SilicoSec (Biofa GmbH, Munsingen, Germany), Protect-It (Hedley Technologies Inc., Canada), and Mamaghan. The silica aerogel was mixed to enhance the efficacy of Mamaghan DE with 10, 15, and 20% rates. The DE products were applied at treatment rates of 100, 200, and 400 ppm against adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). In the second experiment, 0.1 and 0.5% deltamethrin was added to Mamaghan DE–10% silica aerogel to enhance the activity of the DE. Adult mortality was recorded 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Parental adults were removed after 14-d exposure time and progeny developed was evaluated after 65 d. Mamaghan–15 and 20% silica aerogel caused the highest mortality (>97%) against T. confusum after 10 d of exposure at the highest dose of 400 ppm which exceeded to 100% mortality after 14 d. However, the toxicity of Mamaghan DE against R. dominica was lower than that of the two commercial formulations at all dose rates. The presence of 0.1% deltamethrin increased the insecticidal activity of Mamaghan DE and significantly suppressed progeny production of both species. Even at the lowest dose of Mamaghan–10% + 0.1% deltamethrin, progeny production of both species was very low (four or less individuals per vial). However, no progeny was recorded in Mamaghan–10% + 0.5% deltamethrin. Thus, adding low rates of silica aerogel and deltamethrin considerably enhanced the efficacy of Mamaghan DE in controlling T. confusum and R. dominica.

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