scholarly journals The Future of Essentially Derived Variety (EDV) Status: Predominantly More Explanations or Essential Change

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
John Stephen C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Current Approach ◽  
Efficient Implementation ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Essential Change ◽  
The Future ◽  
Essentially Derived Varieties ◽  
Perverse Incentives

This review examines the categorization of Essentially Derived Varieties (EDV) introduced in the 1991 revision of the Convention of the Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales (UPOV). Other non-UPOV member countries (India, Malaysia, and Thailand) have also introduced the concept of essential derivation. China, a UPOV member operating under the 1978 Convention, is introducing EDVs via seed laws. Challenges in the implementation of the concept and progress made to provide greater clarity and more efficient implementation are reviewed, including in Australia and India. The current approach to EDV remains valid provided (i) clarity on thresholds can be achieved including through resource intensive research on an individual crop species basis and (ii) that threshold clarity does not lead to perverse incentives to avoid detection of essential derivation. However, technological advances that facilitate the simultaneous introduction or change in expression of more than “a few” genes may well fundamentally challenge the concept of essential derivation and require a revision of the Convention. Revision could include deletion of the concept of essential derivation coupled with changes to the breeder exception on a crop-by-crop basis. Stakeholders might also benefit from greater flexibility within a revised Convention. Consideration should be given to allowing members to choose if and when to introduce changes according to a revised Convention on a crop specific basis.

scholarly journals The Future of Essentially Derived Variety (EDV) Status: Predominantly More Explanations or Essential Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stephen C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Essential Change ◽  
Essentially Derived Varieties ◽  
Perverse Incentives ◽  
New Varieties

This review examines the categorization of Essentially Derived Varieties (EDV) introduced in the 1991 revision of the Convention of the Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales (UPOV). Challenges in the implementation of the concept and progress made on a crop-by-crop basis to provide greater clarity and more efficient implementation are reviewed. The current approach to EDV remains valid provided i) clarity on thresholds can be achieved including through resource intensive research on an individual crop species basis and ii) that threshold clarity does not lead to perverse incentives to avoid detection of essential derivation. However, technological advances leading to new varieties resulting from the simultaneous introduction or change in expression of more than “a few” genes will so challenge the concept to require a new Convention. Revision could include deletion of the concept of essential derivation and revision on a crop-by-crop basis of the breeder exception. Countries that allow utility patents for individual plant varieties per se should consider removing that possibility unless plant breeders utilize those encouragements for risk taking and investment to broaden the germplasm base upon which the long-term sustainability of plant breeding resides.

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

Structural Performance of Automated Multi-Depth Shuttle Warehouses (Amsws) Under Low-to-Moderate Seismic Actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Kondratenko ◽  
Alper Kanyilmaz ◽  
Carlo Andrea Castiglioni ◽  
Francesco Morelli ◽  
Mohsen Kohrangi
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Brittle Failure ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Time History ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Structural Performance ◽  
Future Design ◽  
The Future ◽  
Base Connections

Abstract Automated Multi-Depth Shuttle Warehouses (AMSWs) are compact storage systems that provide a large surface occupation and therefore maximum storage density. AMSWs represent the future of storage technology, providing substantial savings in terms of cost, space, and energy with respect to traditional warehouses. Currently, designers refer to the standard building codes for the seismic design of AMSWs. Since structural characteristics of AMSWs are considerably different from the steel structures of typical buildings, this current approach used by designers is questionable in terms of safety and efficiency. In this article, the behavior of 5 AMSW structures has been studied performing 150 time-history analyses by direct integration including P-Delta effects. Demand/capacity ratios calculated for each element showed the dominance of the brittle failure mechanism in AMSWs subjected to low-to-moderate seismic actions. These mechanisms mainly took place in upright columns and their base connections prior to the activation of ductile energy dissipation mechanisms of the structure. Based on the results, further improvements have been recommended for the future design provisions, which may lead to a safer seismic design of AMSWs.

Health and societal implications of medical and technological advances

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (463) ◽  
pp. eaau4778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Dzau ◽  
Celynne A. Balatbat
Keyword(s):  
Societal Implications ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future

Scientific and technological breakthroughs are transforming the future of medicine and health, but they inevitably carry risks and have societal implications that need to be addressed proactively.

scholarly journals Single-particle cryo-EM—How did it get here and where will it go

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6405) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Electron Crystallography ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Electron Cryotomography

Cryo–electron microscopy, or simply cryo-EM, refers mainly to three very different yet closely related techniques: electron crystallography, single-particle cryo-EM, and electron cryotomography. In the past few years, single-particle cryo-EM in particular has triggered a revolution in structural biology and has become a newly dominant discipline. This Review examines the fascinating story of its start and evolution over the past 40-plus years, delves into how and why the recent technological advances have been so groundbreaking, and briefly considers where the technique may be headed in the future.

scholarly journals Prizes Signal Scientific Revolutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Jin ◽  
Yifang Ma ◽  
Brian Uzzi
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Scientific Revolutions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Star Scientists ◽  
Quality Of Research

Abstract Scientific revolutions affect funding, investments, and technological advances, yet predicting their onset and projected size and impact remains a puzzle. We investigated a possible signal predicting a topic’s revolutionary growth – its association with a scientific prize. Our analysis used original data on nearly all recognized prizes associated with 11,539 scientific topics awarded between 1960 and 2017 to examine the link between prizes and a topic’s unexpected growth in productivity, impact, and talent. Using difference-in-differences regressions and counterfactuals of matched prizewinning and non-prizewinning topics, we found that in the year following the receipt of a prize, a topic experiences an onset of extraordinary growth in impact and talent that continues into the future. At between five to 10 years after the prize year, prizewinning topics are 38% more productive and 31% more impactful in citations, retain 53% more incumbents, and gain 35% more new entrants and 46% more star scientists than their non-prizewinning peer topics. While prizewinning topics grow unexpectedly fast in talent and impact, funding does not drive growth; rather, growth is positively associated with the recency of work on the topic, discipline-specific rather than general awards, and prize money. These findings advance understanding of scientific revolutions and identify variations in prize characteristics that predict the timing and size of a topic’s revolutionary growth. We discuss the implications of these findings on how funding agencies and universities make investments and scientists commit time and resources to one topic versus another, as well as on the quality of research.

scholarly journals The Future of Law Reviews and Legal Journals From a Student Editor's Perspective

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Martineau
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Internet Law ◽  
Academic Resources

 Law reviews and legal journals have been part of the legal academic world for more than a century. [1] These legal publications are unique because they are completely run by students. However, over the last few decades, law reviews and legal journals have been highly criticized, and some critics even predict their demise. [2] If law reviews and legal journals expect to survive and remain valuable academic resources, then certain changes need to be made, and these changes are the responsibility of the student editors. Although some legal publications are making changes for the better, such as publishing online, more can be done to improve these student-run publications. By taking advantage of technological advances, especially the Internet, law reviews and legal journals can reduce the time it takes to publish an issue. In addition, these technological advances allow legal publications to offer many new features and services for both the authors and the readers. However, updating a publication with these new technological advances can be expensive. Thus, law reviews and legal journals need to generate more income from other sources than just subscriptions.

scholarly journals Implant Surgery Using Bio-compatible Guides

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Serban Talpos ◽  
Tareq Hajaj ◽  
Costin Timofte ◽  
Mircea Rivis ◽  
Felicia Streian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Stability ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Surgical Guides ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
The Future ◽  
Oral Tissue ◽  
The One ◽  
User Friendly

Implants and biomaterials used in hard and soft oral tissue augmentation are very complex, but predictable to use nowadays, as the technological advances haven�t skipped this field of medicine. Cases that were impossible to treat with implant retained fixed prosthesis some years ago, have become the daily practice of oral surgeons and dentists around the world. The new user-friendly products, together with simplified protocols, increased the practitioners� predictability and success rate, thus the biomaterial industry took a huge leap forward. As the biomaterial industry keeps developing continuously, making better and safer products, the surgical and prosthetic protocols evolve and change as well. On this matter, the implant placement has become safer, using digital surgical guides. Guided implant placement doesn�t just allow the practitioner place the implant in the patient�s bone, but, moreover, it helps him place it in the correct, 3D, prosthetic position. And, thus, guiding the future bone augmentation and regeneration as well, accordingly. So, the implant placement has shifted from bone-orientated to prosthetic-orientated, offering at the same time a better primary stability for the implants, due to the prior planning. The present clinical study aims to analyze the outcome of the digital guided protocol. Unlike the free-handed surgery, the digital guided surgery allows dentists and oral surgeons to place implants according to the future prosthetic position of the crowns, even in conditions of alveolar ridges with bone resorption. Moreover, it makes possible the �one day implant� concept, the dental technician being able to create the provisional crown/s in advance, knowing precisely the future position of the implant placement. So, at the time of the surgery, the provisional crown is also put in place, guiding the soft and hard tissue healing and also giving the patient a greater satisfaction.

scholarly journals Operating without operations: how is technology changing the role of the firm?

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 809-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Breidbach ◽  
Sunmee Choi ◽  
Benjamin Ellway ◽  
Byron W. Keating ◽  
Katerina Kormusheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operations Research ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Service Operations ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the history and future of service operations, with the goal to identify key theoretical and technological advances, as well as fundamental themes that can help to imagine the future of service operations in 2050. Design/methodology/approach A review of the service operations literature was undertaken to inform a discussion regarding the role that technology will play in the future of service operations. Findings The future of service operations is framed in terms of three key themes – complexity, orchestration, and elasticity. The paper makes three contributions to the service science literature by: reviewing key themes underpinning extant service operations research to frame future trajectories of service operations research; elaborating a vision of service operations in 2050 based on history and technology; and outlining a research agenda for future service operations. Practical implications The case of service automation is used to provide an illustration of how the three themes converge to define future service operations, and in particular, to show how technology is recasting the role of the firm. Originality/value Service operations in the next 30 years will be very different from what it was in the past 30 years. This paper differs from other review papers by identifying three key themes that will characterize and instill new insights into the future of service operations research.

The Influence of Science Fiction in Healthcare Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Alexandra Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Healthcare Technology ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spatial Exploration

With technological advances, the human being becomes more and more reliant on technology. We use it to work, to enhance our social experience, to learn, and healthcare, is no exception to this. We are used to hearing concepts originated on Science Fiction coming to life in areas such as spatial exploration or even communication and see how it helps those teams know what consumers were expecting for the future. However, we rarely hear about it influencing the technologies that keep us alive. Has healthcare also benefited from Science Fiction worlds to create new or enhance their technological devices? This literary and cinematic genre pushes the boundaries of what is thought “possible” by idealizing artifacts that go beyond what is conceivable in their time. It is an outlet for those who want to imagine what the future might be like, without forgetting to distinguish possible or plausible from fantasy. In this article, I will go through why it is important to look to Science Fiction as a guide when it comes to conceptualizing new ways of incorporating technology in our healthcare, as well as how it has been done before.

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