scholarly journals Irrigation with Activated Water Promotes Root Growth and Improves Water Use of Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2459
Author(s):  
Guoqing Zhao ◽  
Beibei Zhou ◽  
Yan Mu ◽  
Yanhui Wang ◽  
Yuqi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Oxidation Treatment ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Hydroponic Cultivation

Magnetic or oxidation treatment of irrigation water can promote the transport of water and nutrients by the root system, improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer use and potentially increase yields. Hydroponic and field experiments were conducted to explore how irrigation with magnetized and/or oxidized water affects grain yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat with an emphasis on physiological changes in the root system. Hydroponic cultivation of winter wheat with pure groundwater and brackish water included the following treatments: control group (CK−G, CK−B); magnetization (GM, BM); oxidation (GO, BO); and the combination of magnetization and oxidation (G(M+O), B(M+O), G(O+M), B(O+M)). Field experiments only tested irrigation with various types of groundwater, including the control group (IG), magnetization treatment (IGM), oxidation treatment (IGO), and the combination of the two treatment methods (IG(M+O), IG(O+M)). Hydroponic cultivation revealed that the magnetic treatment and oxidation of both groundwater and brackish water can significantly improve the root vigor of winter wheat, i.e., improvements of 100.5–253.7% and 100.4–213.9% were seen in the groundwater and brackish treatment groups, respectively, relative to the control group. The root length density (RLD) of wheat increased by 67.6% (GM), 79.4% (GO), 7.5% (BM), and 40.0% (BO) relative to the respective control groups (CK−G and CK−B). Moreover, the root weight density (RWD) for BO and B(O+M) treatments improved significantly (66.7% and 55.4%, respectively) relative to CK−B. The maximal increases in root surface area density (RSD) were observed in treatments GO and B(O+M), which showed values 125% and 100%, respectively, higher than what was measured for the control groups. The root/shoot ratios of the GO and G(O+M) treatments improved significantly (by 75.3% and 62.0%, respectively) relative to CK−G. The results of field experiments showed that wheat in the IGO and IG(O+M) plots absorbed more water from the soil than wheat in the of IG plots (increases of 13.9% and 16.9%, respectively). Furthermore, the IGO and IG(O+M) treatments produced significantly higher grain yields and WUE than the IG plots, with IGO producing the maximum yield (11.7 × 103 kg ha−1) and IG(O+M) the highest observed WUE (30.3 kg ha−1 mm−1). Hence, the research provides clear evidence that the irrigation of winter wheat with magnetized and/or oxidized water can increase grain yields and WUE.

Evaluation of Registered Herbicides for Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Koscelny ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Bromus Secalinus ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Early Fall

Seven field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to compare efficacy and wheat response to currently registered cheat suppression or control herbicide treatments. Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron premix (5:1 w/w) at 26 g ai/ha applied PRE controlled cheat 20 to 61%, increased wheat grain yields at two of seven locations, and decreased dockage due to cheat at five of seven locations. Chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 21 g/ha tank-mixed with metribuzin at 210 g/ha, applied early fall POST, controlled cheat 36 to 98% and increased wheat yield at four of seven locations. Metribuzin applied POST in the fall at 420 g/ha controlled cheat 56 to 98% and increased wheat yields at five of seven locations. Both POST treatments decreased dockage at all locations.

scholarly journals Relationships between winter wheat yields and soil carbon under various tillage systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mikanová ◽  
T. Šimon ◽  
M. Javůrek ◽  
M. Vach
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Set Up

 Soil quality and fertility are associated with its productivity, and this in turn is connected to the soil biological activity. To study these effects, well designed long-term field experiments that provide comprehensive data sets are the most applicable. Four treatments (tillage methods) were set up: (1) conventional tillage (CT); (2) no tillage (NT); (3) minimum tillage + straw (MTS), and (4) no tillage + mulch (NTM). Our objective was to assess the relationships between soil microbial characteristics and winter wheat yields under these different techniques of conservation tillage within a field experiment, originally established in 1995. The differences in average grain yields over time period 2002–2009 between the variants were not statistically significant. Organic carbon in the topsoil was higher in plots with conservation tillage (NT, MTS, and NTM), than in the conventional tillage plots. There was a statistically significant correlation (P ≤ 0.01) between the grain yields and organic C content in topsoil.  

The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: nutrient inflows of high-yielding crops

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Grain Yields

SUMMARYNutrient inflows, that is the amount of nutrient absorbed per unit root length per unit time, have been determined for several winter wheat crops (cv. Hustler) with grain yields in the range 8–11 t/ha (85% D.m.). Inflows reached a maximum in April or May with values in the range 13–34, 0·5–1·6, 3·5–13, 0·9–1·8 and 0·35–0·60 × 10–14 mol/cm root/sec for N, P, K, Ca and Mg respectively. The concentration in the soil solution necessary to maintain inflows by diffusion of nutrient through the soil was calculated using a nutrient uptake model. For an October-sown crop the model predicted that soil solution concentrations of 165 μΜ N, 14 μΜ P and 56 μΜ K were needed to sustain the observed maximum inflows, whereas for a September-sown crop, with a larger root system, even lower values of 106 μΜ N, 8 μΜ P and 36 μΜ K were needed. It appears that nutrient transport is unlikely to limit uptake by winter wheat crops growing in moist, well fertilized soils, at least for crops up to about 17 t/ha of total dry matter.

Edge and neighbour effects in cereal yield trials

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Austin ◽  
R. D. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Yield Trials ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

SummaryIn two field experiments with winter wheat varieties, the grain yields per unit area calculated from entire plots 4·2 × 1·18 m were 25% greater than the yields of the centre row. This occurred mainly because the outer rows in the plots yielded 62% more than the centre row. When the yields were calculated on the basis of a plot width of 1·53 m (the distance from path centre to path centre across the long axis of a plot), it was estimated that they were 4% less than the yields of the centre rows. In the most extreme case when a short variety in a plot of this size was bordered by neighbours 70 cm taller, its yield, relative to that of the tall variety, was underestimated by 10–12%.A separate experiment showed that the greater yield from plants at the edges of plots was associated mainly with more ears.

Effects of differences in date of ear emergence and height on yield of winter wheat

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Innes ◽  
J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
R. D. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Plant Breeding Institute ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Crop Research ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

SUMMARYEarly and late, and short and tall lines were selected from a cross between the winter wheat varieties Norman and Talent. All short selections carried the Rht2 dwarfing gene while the tall ones did not. The selections were compared in field experiments at the Plant Breeding Institute in Trumpington and at The Murrays Experimental Farm of the Scottish Crop Research Institute near Pathhead. In one of the experiments at Trumpington the plots were automatically sheltered from rain and the effects of withholding water before anthesis and withholding water during grain filling were studied.In all trials the early selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the late selections. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 or in number of grains per ear between the early and the late selections. Mean weight per grain of the early selections was greater than that of the late selections.The short selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the tall selections, except when water was withheld during grain filling in the sheltered experiment. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 between the short and the tall selections. The number of grains per ear was greater and mean weight per grain was less for the short selections than for the tall selections.It is concluded that for general fitness to U.K. conditions, new varieties should be semi-dwarf, but earlier than current varieties.

scholarly journals Tillage and irrigation increase wheat root systems at deep soil layer and grain yields in lime concretion black soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Wang ◽  
Zhuangzhuang Wang ◽  
Fengxu Gu ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Guozhang Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractIn lime concretion black soil, a two-factor (tillage and irrigation) split block experiment from 2015 to 2017 was conducted to identify whether their combination is suitable for the improvement of winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. The main treatments were subsoiling (SS) and rotary tillage (RT), with secondary treatments of three irrigation regimes: no irrigation during the whole growth period (W0), irrigation at jointing stage (W1), and irrigation at both jointing and anthesis stages (W2). In combination with a soil column experiment, the contribution of the root system in different soil layers to yield was clarified. The results indicated that both tillage and irrigation significantly influenced the spatiotemporal distributions of the root systems and yield components, while tillage produced the strongest effect. Compared with RT, SS significantly promoted the root penetration and delayed root senescence in deep soil layers. With increasing soil depth, each root configuration parameter (dry root weight density, DRWD; root length density, RLD; root surface area per unit area, RSA; root volume per unit area, RV) gradually decreased, and the peak appearance times of each root parameter in RT and three parameters (RLD, RSA and RV) in SS were postponed from heading to anthesis and from anthesis to filling stage, respectively. The average post-peak attenuation values at soil layers from 60 to 100 cm in W1 were less than those in W0 and W2. SSW1 generated the highest grain yields, with an average increase of 31.88% compared with the yield in RTW0. Root systems at three soil layers (0–40 cm, 40–80 cm and below 80 cm) differentially contributed to grain yields with 78.32%, 12.09% and 9.59%, respectively. The growth peak of the deep root system in SSW1 was postponed to the filling stage, and the post-peak attenuation declining rates were also slowed. Therefore, SSW1 is an effective cultivation method improving grain yields and water use efficiency in lime concretion black soil.

Water Relations of Winter Wheat: the Root System, Petiolar Resistance and Development of a Root Abstraction Equation

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McGowan ◽  
E. Tzimas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

SUMMARYThe vertical distribution of water potentials within the leaf canopy, along the stem and within the soil profile of a winter wheat crop was analysed and it is concluded the failure by previous workers to recognize the significance of petiolar resistance has probably resulted in over-estimates of the resistance of the soil to water uptake by root systems of field crops.From an analysis of the water relations of several winter wheat crops an equation is developed to describe the extraction of soil water reserves by crop root systems, based upon values of soil water potential, root xylem potential and ‘effective’ resistance to water uptake which can be obtained from field experiments. The equation provides an empirical basis to specify the minimum desirable root system for efficient capture of soil water reserves, to analyse the effects of differing root distributions and thus to help identify situations where it would be profitable to modify rooting either by tillage or by plant breeding.

Some effects of leaf posture on the yield and water economy of winter wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Innes ◽  
R. D. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Habit ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Maximum Expression ◽  
Erect Leaf

SUMMARYSelections for erect-(E) and lax-leaf (L) posture in winter wheat were made from a cross between parents which contrasted in the character. By the F5 generation there were consistent, heritable differences between E and L lines. The lines were evaluated in three field experiments and a glasshouse experiment.In an experiment in which plots were automatically sheltered from rain and in which there were three irrigation treatments, there was no treatment-posture interaction, and over all treatments E lines outyielded L lines by 0·26 t/ha. When fully irrigated the water use of both E and L lines between 1 May and maturity was approximately 280 mm. Withholding water caused a reduction in water use and a corresponding reduction in grain yield for both E and L lines.When the four most erect- and the four most lax-leaved lines were considered over all three field experiments, E lines maintained a slight, though not significant, grain yield advantage of 0·17 t/ha over L lines. However, the E lines produced significantly more biomass, averaging 0·7 t/ha more than L lines, and this extra biomass was not produced at the expense of additional water requirement. However, results from the glasshouse experiment suggested that the E lines may be more susceptible to a substantial pre-anthesis drought.It is concluded that varieties of winter wheat with the erect-leaf habit may provide an opportunity of increasing biomass production. In an environment in which a preanthesis drought is unlikely to occur, such varieties may give the highest yields. However, on light soils prone to early drought or at sites which would not permit the maximum expression of leaf area index at anthesis, varieties with a lax-leaf posture may give greater yield.

Fibrous root growth and water use of sugar beet

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay F. Brown ◽  
P. V. Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fibrous Root

SUMMARYDevelopment of the fibrous root system of sugar beet was studied by washing soil samples taken from field experiments through the growing season. At the beginning of June the root system was still poorly developed but during June there was rapid proliferation. In the top 70 cm there was only little further increase in root density after the end of June. Below 70 cm root density increased up to the end of August. Throughout the season fibrous root density decreased with depth. Despite the origin of the lateral roots from two grooves on the storage root, fibrous root distributions at each depth around individual plants were essentially uniform from mid-June onwards. In the absence of nitrogen fertilizer, fibrous root development exceeded that of a crop given fertilizer, particularly at depths greater than 50 cm early in the season. The maximum value of root density was 2·8 cm/cm3 soil recorded in the top 10 cm in mid-September. Compared with published data for other crops, the sugar-beet root system was sparser than that of winter wheat or maize but denser than that of a soya bean or cassava.Soil water content was measured with a neutron probe. Inflows to roots were calculated from soil water content changes in different soil layers. In the top 30 cm, inflows ranged up to 10·8 μl water/cm root.day and were up to five times higher than published inflows for winter wheat. At 30–100 cm sugar beet and winter wheat inflows were generally similar. The 0–30 and 30–120 cm layers contributed about 80 and 20% respectively of the total water use by sugar beet while no uptake was recorded below 110 cm. Previous studies have shown that sugar beet often takes up water from soil deeper than 110 cm, although it is not unknown for the depth of water removal to be restricted.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Min Chao ◽  
Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chun-Huei Liao ◽  
Huey-Mei Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

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