scholarly journals Polyploidy in Industrial Crops: Applications and Perspectives in Plant Breeding

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2574
Author(s):  
Anna Trojak-Goluch ◽  
Magdalena Kawka-Lipińska ◽  
Katarzyna Wielgusz ◽  
Marcin Praczyk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Duplication ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Sister Chromatids ◽  
Altered Gene

Polyploidisation is an important process in the evolution of many plant species. An additional set of chromosomes can be derived from intraspecific genome duplication (autopolyploidy) or hybridising divergent genomes and chromosome doubling (allopolyploidy). Special forms of polyploidy are autoallopolyploidy and segmental allopolyploidy. Polyploidy arises from two basic processes: spontaneously occurring disturbances of meiotic division and induced by antimitotic agents’ disruption of mitosis. The first involves the induction and fusion of unreduced gametes, resulting in the formation of triploids and tetraploids. The second process uses antimitotics that disrupt cellular microtubules and prevent chromosome’s sister chromatids motion during anaphase. Colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin are the most commonly used antimitotics for inducing polyploids in plants. The exposure time and concentration of the antimitotics and the species, cultivar, genotype, and tissue type affect the efficiency of genome duplication. Polyploids are distinguished from diploids by increased cell size and vegetative parts of plants and increased content of secondary metabolites. Genome duplication generates several changes at the epigenetic level resulting in altered gene expression. Polyploidisation is used in plant breeding to overcome the non-viability and infertility of interspecific hybrids, obtain seedless polyploid cultivars and increase resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors.

Molecular and Microscopic Analysis of Altered Gene Expression in Transgenic and Gene Targeted Mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
W. K. Jones ◽  
J. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Mouse Tissue ◽  
Adult Heart ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Pulmonary Myocardium

Two myosin heavy chains (MyHC) are expressed in the mammalian heart and are differentially regulated during development. In the mouse, the α-MyHC is expressed constitutively in the atrium. At birth, the β-MyHC is downregulated and replaced by the α-MyHC, which is the sole cardiac MyHC isoform in the adult heart. We have employed transgenic and gene-targeting methodologies to study the regulation of cardiac MyHC gene expression and the functional and developmental consequences of altered α-MyHC expression in the mouse.We previously characterized an α-MyHC promoter capable of driving tissue-specific and developmentally correct expression of a CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) marker in the mouse. Tissue surveys detected a small amount of CAT activity in the lung (Fig. 1a). The results of in situ hybridization analyses indicated that the pattern of CAT transcript in the adult heart (Fig. 1b, top panel) is the same as that of α-MyHC (Fig. 1b, lower panel). The α-MyHC gene is expressed in a layer of cardiac muscle (pulmonary myocardium) associated with the pulmonary veins (Fig. 1c). These studies extend our understanding of α-MyHC expression and delimit a third cardiac compartment.

Polymorphism of the MTHFR Gene is Associated with Altered Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer

Endoscopy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Collins ◽  
GA Doherty ◽  
MR Sweeney ◽  
SM Byrne ◽  
AA Aftab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Mthfr Gene ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Altered Gene

scholarly journals Altered gene expression in Chironomus riparius (insecta) in response to tire rubber and polystyrene microplastics

2021 ◽  
pp. 117462
Author(s):  
Victor Carrasco-Navarro ◽  
Ana-Belén Muñiz González ◽  
Jouni Sorvari ◽  
Jose-Luis Martínez Guitarte
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Altered Gene

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Atlases Reveal Altered Gene Expression Modules between Two Cleomaceae C3 and C4 Plant Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 3243-3260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canan Külahoglu ◽  
Alisandra K. Denton ◽  
Manuel Sommer ◽  
Janina Maß ◽  
Simon Schliesky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
C4 Plant ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Altered Gene

scholarly journals Studies on Colchicine Induced Chromosome Doubling for Enhancement of Quality Traits in Ornamental Plants

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Manzoor ◽  
Touqeer Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Bashir ◽  
Ishfaq Hafiz ◽  
Cristian Silvestri
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Routine Procedures ◽  
Mitotic Inhibitor ◽  
Intense Color

Polyploidy has the utmost importance in horticulture for the development of new ornamental varieties with desirable morphological traits referring to plant size and vigor, leaf thickness, larger flowers with thicker petals, intense color of leaves and flowers, long lasting flowers, compactness, dwarfness and restored fertility. Polyploidy may occur naturally due to the formation of unreduced gametes or can be artificially induced by doubling the number of chromosomes in somatic cells. Usually, natural polyploid plants are unavailable, so polyploidy is induced synthetically with the help of mitotic inhibitors. Colchicine is a widely used mitotic inhibitor for the induction of polyploidy in plants during their cell division by inhibiting the chromosome segregation. Different plant organs like seeds, apical meristems, flower buds, and roots can be used to induce polyploidy through many application methods such as dipping/soaking, dropping or cotton wool. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting, with an observation of morphological and physiological traits are routine procedures for the determination of ploidy level in plants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document