scholarly journals A Leaky Noisy-OR Bayesian Network Applied to Genetic Counseling in Dogs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Johann. C. Detilleux
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Deleterious Mutation ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Exercise Regimen ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Degenerative Myelopathy ◽  
Positive Animal

Genetic disorders are very frequent in dogs but evaluating individualized risks of their occurrence can be uncertain. Bayesian networks are tools to characterize and analyze such events. The paper illustrates their benefits and challenges in answering two typical questions in genetic counselling: (1) What is the probability of a test-positive animal showing clinical signs of the disease? (2) What is the risk of testing positive for the mutant allele when one parent presents clinical signs? Current limited knowledge on the hereditary mode of transmission of degenerative myelopathy and on the effects of sex, diet, exercise regimen and age on the occurrence of clinical signs concurrent with the finding of the deleterious mutation was retrieved from the scientific literature. Uncertainty on this information was converted into prior Beta distributions and leaky-noisy OR models were used to construct the conditional probability tables necessary to answer the questions. Results showed the network is appropriate to answer objectively and transparently both questions under a variety of scenarios. Once users of the network have agreed with its structure and the values of the priors, computations are straightforward. The network can be updated automatically and can be represented visually so interactive discussion are easy between the veterinarian and his/her interlocutor.

scholarly journals Changes of Dorsal Root Ganglion Volume in Dogs with Clinical Signs of Degenerative Myelopathy Detected by Water-Excitation Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1702
Author(s):  
Eiji Naito ◽  
Kohei Nakata ◽  
Yukiko Nakano ◽  
Yuta Nozue ◽  
Shintaro Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intervertebral Disc Herniation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Water Excitation ◽  
Spinal Cord Segment ◽  
Degenerative Myelopathy

Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. However, a definitive diagnosis of DM can only be achieved by postmortem histopathological examination of the spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the volumetry of DRG using the ability of water-excitation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the DRG in dogs has premortem diagnostic value for DM. Eight dogs with DM, twenty-four dogs with intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), and eight control dogs were scanned using a 3.0-tesla MRI system, and water-excitation images were obtained to visualize and measure the volume of DRG, normalized by body surface area. The normalized mean DRG volume between each spinal cord segment and mean volume of all DRG between T8 and L2 in the DM group was significantly lower than that in the control and the IVDH groups (P = 0.011, P = 0.002, respectively). There were no correlations within the normalized mean DRG volume between DM stage 1 and stage 4 (rs = 0.312, P = 0.128, respectively). In conclusion, DRG volumetry by the water-excitation MRI provides a non-invasive and quantitative assessment of neurodegeneration in DRG and may have diagnostic potential for DM.

scholarly journals Reinfection as a cause of complications and relapses in scarlet fever wards

1937 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Allison ◽  
W. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Fever Patient ◽  
The Third ◽  
Serological Type ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

1. The term “reinfection” has been defined as the secondary infection of a scarlet fever patient during hospitalization withStr. pyogenesbelonging to a serologically different type from that producing the primary infection.2. Of forty-seven scarlet fever patients nursed in a multiple-bed ward and swabbed twice weekly during their period of isolation, thirty-three (70.2 per cent) became reinfected with a serological type ofStr. pyogenesdifferent from that causing the primary disease.3. In fifteen out of the thirty-three patients reinfected, the reinfection was “latent”, i.e. gave rise to no clinical signs, while in the remaining eighteen the reinfection was “manifest”, i.e. was accompanied by clinical signs or complications.4. Patients nursed in cubicles or in a ward confined to infections with a single serological type did not show reinfection; their convalescence was progressive and there were no late complications.5. The majority of complications occurring during the third week of hospitalization and subsequently, in multiple-bed wards devoted to scarlet fever, are due to reinfection.6. Most reinfections occur during the third week in hospital at a time when patients are as a rule convalescent from their primary infection.7. The most frequent mode of transmission of reinfection appears to be by direct contact of patient with patient.8. Ten instances of “relapse” in scarlet fever (only three in the present series) are quoted; in all of them the patients were nursed in multiple-bed wards. In each instance the “relapse” coincided with the isolation of a fresh serological type ofStr. pyogenesfrom the throat, and must therefore be regarded as a second attack of scarlet fever.9. The various systems of nursing patients in isolation hospitals are discussed and it is suggested that scarlet fever patients should be cubicle-nursed if possible. Failing this they should be nursed by the bed-isolation method in multiple-bed wards. By setting aside small wards it might be possible to keep together patients who are all infected by the same serological type ofStr. pyogenes; the number of such wards would vary with the number (usually three or four) of epidemic types current at the time.

scholarly journals Negative MRI findings in a case of degenerative myelopathy in a dog : clinical communication

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Okada ◽  
M. Kitagawa ◽  
K. Kanayama ◽  
H. Yamamura ◽  
T. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Clinical Communication ◽  
Bladder Control ◽  
Blood Tests ◽  
Degenerative Myelopathy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

An 11-year-old male Rough collie was submitted with paraparesis, but did not respond to medical treatment. Clinical signs worsened and the dog displayed paralysis, inability to stand and loss of voluntary bladder control, whereupon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. No significant abnormalities were identified from MRI, blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid tests or radiography. After MRI, the dog developed dyspnoea and died. Autopsy and subsequent histopathological examination led to a diagnosis of degenerative myelopathy.

Canine degenerative myelopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 228-231
Author(s):  
Cheryl Corral
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Curative Treatment ◽  
Rehabilitation Protocol ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Degenerative Myelopathy

Canine degenerative myelopathy is a progressive, debilitating condition of older, often large breed dogs, and is seen on a fairly frequent basis in practice. This article discusses the background of the condition including clinical signs to be expected at different stages in the disease process, how the condition is diagnosed, and looks at how best the condition can be managed using rehabilitation therapies with no curative treatment currently available. It also includes a case study describing a rehabilitation protocol for a patient referred for rehabilitation by the referring veterinary surgeon following diagnosis of degenerative myelopathy.

scholarly journals Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine B. Collins ◽  
Michael L. Doherty ◽  
Damien J. Barrett ◽  
John F. Mee
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Schmallenberg Virus ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Irish Case

Abstract In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German border. Targeted veterinary diagnostic investigations for classical endemic and emerging viruses could not identify a causal agent. Blood samples were collected from animals with clinical signs and subjected to metagenomic analysis; a novel orthobunyavirus was identified and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In late 2011/early 2012, an epidemic of abortions and congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids, characterised by arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly were reported in continental Europe. Subsequently, SBV RNA was confirmed in both aborted and congenitally malformed foetuses and also in Culicoides species biting midges. It soon became evident that SBV was an arthropod-borne teratogenic virus affecting domestic ruminants. SBV rapidly achieved a pan-European distribution with most countries confirming SBV infection within a year or two of the initial emergence. The first Irish case of SBV was confirmed in the south of the country in late 2012 in a bovine foetus. Since SBV was first identified in 2011, a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally describing this novel emerging virus. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding the origin of SBV and the spread of the Schmallenberg epidemic, in addition to describing the species affected, clinical signs, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, impact, diagnostics, surveillance methods and control measures. This review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the scientific literature regarding SBV, most notably the requirement for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe and internationally during 2017 and 2018. Moreover, recommendations are also made regarding future arbovirus surveillance in Europe, specifically the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and Culicoides entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel Culicoides-borne arboviruses.

Clinical picture of active bovine viral diarrhoea infection in commercial bovine productive systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Susana Astiz ◽  
Laura Cogollos ◽  
Juan Manuel Loste ◽  
Gorka Aduriz ◽  
Javier Heras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Positive Animal

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), one of the most important infectious diseases affecting bovine production systems, is thought to show a subclinical course in most cases, especially in regions that have suffered high BVD prevalence for a long time. However, few studies have assessed this rigorously under non-epidemic conditions. Here we assessed how often active BVD infection in a herd, defined as at least one antigen-positive animal, is associated with clinical signs. Surveying and sampling methods were used to detect BVD infection based on clinical picture. Analysis of 1203 samples of individual animals from 167 herds clinically suspected of BVD infection showed that 33.7% of dairy farms, 30.6% of beef cow-calf farms and 40% of feedlots contained at least one animal positive for BVD viral antigen. Prevalence of BVD infection was 7.7% at the animal level, much higher than the prevalence of 1–3% reported in the literature. This suggests that clinical picture can be useful for detecting active BVD infection, and that infections show a variable clinical course. On dairy farms, the presence of at least one antigen-positive animal was associated with a tendency towards lower fertility and higher rates of stillbirths and calf health problems (P < 0.1). On feedlots, such presence was associated with a tendency to a higher of calf health problems. In beef cow-calf systems, however, the presence of an antigen-positive animal was not associated with any particular sign. These results suggest a higher association of active BVD infections spreading in a herd and clinical pictures at the herd level, particularly in dairy herds.

Hemophilia A in a German shorthaired pointer: clinical presentations and diagnosis

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Joseph ◽  
MB Brooks ◽  
PJ Coccari ◽  
SC Riback
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Perineal Swelling ◽  
Intermittent Bleeding ◽  
Hind Limb Paralysis

Hemophilia A, Factor VIII deficiency, was diagnosed in a male German shorthaired pointer as a result of testing for a coagulopathy. He had been treated on numerous occasions for different clinical signs, including intermittent bleeding from wounds, hind-limb paralysis, dyspnea, dyschezia associated with perineal swelling, cutaneous nodules resembling hematomas or abscesses, and forelimb lameness. With each episode, he appeared to respond to supportive care. Hemophilia should be considered in male dogs displaying shifting-leg lameness and transient or recurrent, subcutaneous or intramuscular swelling. Recognition of the various presentations of this disease will aid in early diagnosis, as well as help the clients and breeders with appropriate genetic counseling for this serious inherited trait.

Defining early-onset kidney cancer: Implications for genetic counseling.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 342-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Shuch ◽  
Srinivas Vourganti ◽  
Lindsay Middleton ◽  
W. Marston Linehan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Specific Syndrome ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Genetic Testing Guidelines

342 Background: Approximately 1-4% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is hereditary. No guidelines exist for patient selection for RCC genetic counseling. We evaluate how age of onset could guide referral for genetic testing. Methods: We analyzed the age distribution of RCC cases in the Surveillance and Epidemiology and End Results (SEER-17) program and from our institutional hereditary kidney cancer population. The age distributions were compared by sex, race, histology, and hereditary syndrome. Models were established to evaluate the specific age thresholds for genetic counseling. Results: The median age of RCC in SEER-17 was 64 years old with the distribution closely approaching normalcy. Statistical differences were observed by race, sex, and subtype (p < 0.05). The bottom decile overall was 46 years of age and slightly differed by sex, race, and histology. The mean and median age of 608 cases of hereditary kidney cancer was 39.3 and 37 years old. While age varied by specific syndrome, 70% of the hereditary cases lied below the bottom age decile. Modeling demonstrated that age alone could limit the number of patients for counseling and that the 10th percentile maximized sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Besides associated clinical manifestations and personal/family history, early age of onset in RCC could be a sign of a hereditary kidney cancer. In the absence of clinical signs, an age of onset ≤46 should trigger referral for genetic counseling and may serve as a useful cutoff when establishing genetic testing guidelines.

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