scholarly journals Convergent Evolution of Himalayan Marmot with Some High-Altitude Animals through ND3 Protein

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Ziqiang Bao ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Cheng Guo ◽  
Zuofu Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Space Structure ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Cytb Gene ◽  
Marmota Flaviventris ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Himalayan Marmot

The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) mainly lives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and it adopts multiple strategies to adapt to high-altitude environments. According to the principle of convergent evolution as expressed in genes and traits, the Himalayan marmot might display similar changes to other local species at the molecular level. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequences of the CYTB gene, CYTB protein, ND3 gene, and ND3 protein of representative species (n = 20) from NCBI, and divided them into the marmot group (n = 11), the plateau group (n = 8), and the Himalayan marmot (n = 1). To explore whether plateau species have convergent evolution on the microscale level, we built a phylogenetic tree, calculated genetic distance, and analyzed the conservation and space structure of Himalayan marmot ND3 protein. The marmot group and Himalayan marmots were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree for the CYTB gene and CYTB protein, and mean genetic distance was 0.106 and 0.055, respectively, which was significantly lower than the plateau group. However, the plateau group and the Himalayan marmot were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, and the genetic distance was only 10% of the marmot group for the ND3 protein, except Marmota flaviventris. In addition, some sites of the ND3 amino acid sequence of Himalayan marmots were conserved from the plateau group, but not the marmot group. This could lead to different structures and functional diversifications. These findings indicate that Himalayan marmots have adapted to the plateau environment partly through convergent evolution of the ND3 protein with other plateau animals, however, this protein is not the only strategy to adapt to high altitudes, as there may have other methods to adapt to this environment.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) using RAPD Markes

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 981-987
Author(s):  
Feng Juan Li ◽  
Chang Lu Wang ◽  
Dong He ◽  
Ya Qiong Liu ◽  
Mian Hua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Major Group ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Polymorphic Bands

RAPD markers are used to study the genetic diversity of the main planting on 37 castor varieties widely cultivated in china according to the oil content and other characteristic of different castor varieties. Genetic distance of 37 Chinese castor varieties is studied by RAPD markers analysis. RAPD analysis shows that a total of 122 bands are amplified from random primers of 20 S series, including 71 polymorphic bands with polymorphic rate of 58.20%. 37 castor beans are divided into four major groups in the phylogenetic tree. One castor germplasm is included in1, 2, 3 groups respectively, and two sub-groups are included in the 4 major group.

scholarly journals Air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury over permafrost soil: an investigation at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijia Ci ◽  
Fei Peng ◽  
Xian Xue ◽  
Xiaoshan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Permafrost Soil ◽  
Remote Site ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Gaseous Mercury ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Abstract. The pattern of air–surface gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) exchange in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) may be unique because this region is characterized by low temperature, great temperature variation, intensive solar radiation, and pronounced freeze-thaw process of permafrost soils. However, air–surface Hg(0) flux in the QTP is poorly investigated. In this study, we performed filed measurements and controlled field experiments with dynamic flux chambers technique to examine the flux, temporal variation and influencing factors of air–surface Hg(0) exchange at a high-altitude (4700 m a.s.l.) and remote site in the central QTP. The results of field measurements showed that surface soils were net emission source of Hg(0) in the entire study. Hg(0) flux showed remarkable seasonality with net high emission in the warm campaigns and net low deposition in winter campaign, and also showed the diurnal pattern with emission in daytime and deposition in nighttime, especially on days without precipitation. Rainfall events on the dry soils induced large and immediate increase in Hg(0) emission. Snowfall events did not induce the pulse of Hg(0) emission, but snow melt resulted in the immediate increase in Hg(0) emission. Daily Hg(0) fluxes on rainy or snowy days were higher than those of days without precipitation. Controlled field experiments suggested that water addition to dry soils significantly increased Hg(0) emission both in short and relatively long timescales, and also showed that UV radiation was primarily attributed to Hg(0) emission in the daytime. Our findings imply that a warm climate and environmental change could facilitate Hg release from the permafrost terrestrial ecosystem in the QTP.

A new species of the genus Rhynchocalamus Günther, 1864 (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from Ilam province in western Iran

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4282 (3) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEHZAD FATHINIA ◽  
ESKANDAR RASTEGAR-POUYANI ◽  
NASRULLAH RASTEGAR-POUYANI ◽  
HAMID DARVISHNIA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cytb Gene ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
A New Species

A new colubrid snake, Rhynchocalamus ilamensis sp. nov., is described from Ilam province, western Iran. The new species differs from other described congeners using both morphological and molecular analyses. Morphologically, the head and neck color patterns are the most obvious distinguishing traits of this species from its congeners. The new species is separated from other species of Rhynchocalamus by a genetic distance of 9–13% in the mitochondrial Cytb gene, with R. satunini and R. melanocephalus as the closest and farthest relatives, respectively. As well, a color-based revised key to the genus is provided. 

scholarly journals Impact of High-Altitude on Truck’s Climbing Speed: Case study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tian Lei ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Xingli Jia ◽  
Leyu Wei ◽  
Lin Tian
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Plateau Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
High Altitude Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Altitudes

Truck’s climbing performance is an important consideration in traffic safety, efficiency, and highway geometric design. With the infrastructure development in high-altitude area in China, more attention needs to be paid on truck’s climbing performance in such area. In this article, truck’s climbing speed in high-altitude area was examined through field tests on different grade sections at different altitudes. Truck’s speed-distance curves were built at different altitudes and the impact of altitude on truck’s climbing speed was explored based on the test results. It was shown that, within the altitude range of 3000~5000m, altitude had an obvious influence on test truck’s decelerating and accelerating performance. Truck’s speed decreased faster on steep grades and increased slower on gentle grades with the increase of the altitude. Also, the stable speed that test truck could maintain on a certain grade was lower at a higher altitude. In addition, test truck’s theoretical speed-distance curves at the sea level were estimated through truck’s dynamic model. Compared with the theoretical crawl speed, a negative effect of altitude change (from 0 to the altitude above 3000 m) was found on truck’s climbing performance.

Resolving the energy restriction at high altitude: variation in the digestive system of Phrynocephalus vlangalii

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-331
Author(s):  
Yang yang Zhao ◽  
Yue Qi ◽  
Xiao ning Wang ◽  
Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Histological Change ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Argyrophil Cells ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Abstract Hypothermic and hypoxic environments create strong selective pressure on native species by affecting, among other things, the relationship between energy intake and allocation. In order to detect the adaptation of Phrynocephalus vlangalii to such energy limitation, the morphological structure and argyrophil cells of the digestive tract of 80 individuals from two different altitudes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were compared using overall anatomy as well as paraffin sectioning of specific organs. Compared with the low-altitude population, the high-altitude individuals were found to have a significantly longer stomach and duodenum, longer and wider villus in the small intestine, larger surface area in duodenum and jejunum, and more argyrophilic cells in stomach and duodenum. Our results indicate that the morphological and histological change of the digestive tract may be conductive to the plateau adaptability of P. vlangalii by enhancing the efficiency of digestion and absorption. For a more general conclusion to be drawn, comparison of more populations at both altitudes is required in addition to verifying how phenotypically flexible these traits are.

scholarly journals Convergent Evolution of Hemoglobin Function in High-Altitude Andean Waterfowl Involves Limited Parallelism at the Molecular Sequence Level

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e1005681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekhar Natarajan ◽  
Joana Projecto-Garcia ◽  
Hideaki Moriyama ◽  
Roy E. Weber ◽  
Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Molecular Sequence
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