Exploratory Study: Excessive Iron Supplementation Reduces Zinc Content in Pork without Affecting Iron and Copper

The aim of this work was to determine in an exploratory manner the effect of excessive iron supplementation on iron, zinc, and copper contents in pork and pork offal. Pigs averaging 50 days in age and 15 ± 1.3 kg body weight were allocated to a control group (500 ppm dietary Fe) and a supplemental group (3000 ppm dietary Fe). After an iron supplementation period of 60 days, blood samples were analyzed to determine iron biomarkers, serum copper, and zinc contents. Animals were slaughtered to assess total iron, non-heme iron, heme iron, zinc, and copper contents in samples of nine meat cuts and some offal. Iron supplementation improved the iron status in pigs with increased hemoglobin and hematocrit, but did not affect serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper. Iron supplementation did not affect the heme and non-heme iron contents of the different meat cuts. Zinc contents decreased by 32–55% in meat cuts, where iron content increased in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas. No differences of zinc and copper were observed in offal samples. High concentrations of iron supplementation reduce zinc content in pork.

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Effect of Oral Supplementation of Healthy Pregnant Sows with Sucrosomial Ferric Pyrophosphate on Maternal Iron Status and Hepatic Iron Stores in Newborn Piglets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10071113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1113

Author(s):

Rafał Mazgaj ◽

Mateusz Szudzik ◽

Paweł Lipiński ◽

Aneta Jończy ◽

Ewa Smuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Pregnancy Outcome ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Iron Status ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Oral Iron ◽

Ferric Pyrophosphate ◽

Non Heme Iron ◽

Nutritional Studies ◽

Maternal Iron

Background: The similarities between swine and humans in physiological and genomic patterns, as well as significant correlation in size and anatomy, make pigs an useful animal model in nutritional studies during pregnancy. In humans and pigs iron needs exponentially increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, mainly due to increased red blood cell mass. Insufficient iron supply during gestation may be responsible for the occurrence of maternal iron deficiency anemia and decreased iron status in neonates. On the other hand, preventive iron supplementation of non-anemic mothers may be of potential risk due to iron toxicity. Several different regimens of iron supplementation have been applied during pregnancy. The majority of oral iron supplementations routinely applied to pregnant sows provide inorganic, non-heme iron compounds, which exhibit low bioavailability and intestinal side effects. The aim of this study was to check, using pig as an animal model, the effect of sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate (SFP), a new non-heme iron formulation on maternal and neonate iron and hematological status, placental transport and pregnancy outcome; Methods: Fifteen non-anemic pregnant sows were recruited to the experiment at day 80 of pregnancy and randomized into the non-supplemented group (control; n = 5) and two groups receiving oral iron supplementation—sows given sucrosomial ferric pyrophosphate, 60 mg Fe/day (SFP; n = 5) (SiderAL®, Pisa, Italy) and sows given ferrous sulfate 60 mg Fe/day (Gambit, Kutno, Poland) (FeSO4; n = 5) up to delivery (around day 117). Biological samples were collected from maternal and piglet blood, placenta and piglet tissues. In addition, data on pregnancy outcome were recorded.; Results: Results of our study show that both iron supplements do not alter neither systemic iron homeostasis in pregnant sows nor their hematological status at the end of pregnancy. Moreover, we did not detect any changes of iron content in the milk and colostrum of iron supplemented sows in comparison to controls. Neonatal iron status of piglets from iron supplemented sows was not improved compared with the progeny of control females. No statistically significant differences were found in average piglets weight and number of piglets per litter between animals from experimental groups. The placental expression of iron transporters varied depending on the iron supplement.

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Can the supplementary consumption of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit pulp improve the hemoglobin levels and iron status of schoolchildren in Kenya? Findings of a randomized controlled intervention trial

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-020-02447-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Esther Charlotte Evang ◽

Tsige-Yohannes Habte ◽

Willis Omondi Owino ◽

Michael Bernhardt Krawinkel

Keyword(s):

Iron Status ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Control Group ◽

Fruit Pulp ◽

Intervention Trial ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Non Heme Iron ◽

The Impact

Abstract Purpose In the rural Kenyan diet, the bioavailability of iron is low and predisposes the population to iron deficiency. Fruit pulp of the indigenous baobab tree contains significant amounts of vitamin C, which enhances non-heme iron bioavailability. We studied the impact of baobab fruit pulp (BFP) consumption on the hemoglobin (Hb) and iron status of Kenyan schoolchildren. Methods The single-blind randomized controlled intervention trial was implemented daily among apparently healthy schoolchildren aged 6–12 years with hemoglobin level < 12.2 g/dl. For 12 weeks, children in the intervention group (n = 29) received a drink with BFP, while the control group (n = 29) received an isoenergy drink without BFP. At baseline and endline, blood samples were taken. Results The development of hemoglobin, ferritin (FER) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups. However, in the intervention group, Hb levels improved slightly (2.2%), while they decreased slightly (1.2%) in the control group. Levels of geometric means of sTfR remained almost unchanged (0.7%) in the intervention group and slightly worsened (2.7%) in the control group. In both the groups, geometric mean of FER levels decreased, yet to a smaller extent in the intervention (17.3%) than in the control (26.0%) group. Conclusion Even though no significant effects of BFP could be detected in this study, the identification of products such as BFP remains pertinent to help improve non-heme iron absorption in the most vulnerable populations.

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Assessment of the Level of GABA and Some Trace Elements in Blood in Children who Suffer from Familial Febrile Convulsions

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2014.012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 68-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Osama N. Salah ◽

Ehab R. Abdelraouf ◽

Marwa H. Abdelhameed ◽

Ahmed A. Dawood ◽

Adel F. Hashish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Febrile Seizure ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Febrile Convulsion ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Copper ◽

Control Group ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Electrolyte Disturbances

Febrile seizure is one of the most common neurological problems during childhood. The etiology and pathogenesis of febrile seizure remain unknown. However, several factors such as vitamin B6 deficiency, electrolyte disturbances, and reduction in serum zinc, selenium, magnesium levels, and low gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of febrile seizure. The present study included twenty children from 10 families, 11 were male and 9 were female. Each family has at least 2 members with a history of febrile convulsion. All cases were subjected to the following: Determination of serum levels of copper, zinc, magnesium, selenium level in serum, and plasma level of γ-aminobytaric acid (GABA). Serum levels of selenium and GABA were statistically significantly low in comparison with controls. Serum copper was statistically significantly higher in cases than controls, while serum zinc showed no significant changes in the cases of febrile convulsion compared with the control group. The mean Zn level in the serum of febrile convulsion was found to be at lower level than in the control group. The serum magnesium was significantly low in cases than controls. The logistic regression model in our study shows that Selenium and Magnesium have protective effects, while Copper has causative effect.

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Alternative pathways for absorption of iron from foods

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1351/pac-con-09-06-04 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 429-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bo Lönnerdal

Keyword(s):

Iron Absorption ◽

Iron Status ◽

Age Groups ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Iron Binding ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Non Heme Iron ◽

Lactoferrin Receptor ◽

Iron Binding Proteins

Iron is known to be absorbed from foods in two major forms, heme iron and non-heme iron. Iron status as well as dietary factors known to affect iron absorption has limited effect on heme iron absorption, whereas inhibitors and enhancers of iron absorption have pronounced effects on non-heme iron absorption. The enterocyte transporter for non-heme iron, DMT1, is strongly up-regulated during iron deficiency and down-regulated during iron overload. A transporter for heme iron, HCP1, was recently characterized and is present on the apical membrane of enterocytes. Two other pathways for iron absorption have been discovered and may serve to facilitate uptake of iron from two unique iron-binding proteins, lactoferrin and ferritin. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein in human milk and known to survive proteolytic digestion. It mediates iron uptake in breast-fed infants through endocytosis via a specific lactoferrin receptor (LfR). Recently, lactoferrin has become popular as a food additive and may enhance iron status in several age groups. Ferritin is present in meat, but also in plants. The ferritin content of plants can be enhanced by conventional breeding or genetic engineering, and thereby increase iron intake of populations consuming plant-based diets. Ferritin is a bioavailable source of iron, as shown in recent human studies. Ferritin can be taken up by intestinal cells via endocytosis, suggesting a receptor-mediated mechanism.

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Does copper deficiency predispose children to otitis media with effusion?

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20183691 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 1147

Author(s):

Maryam Amizadeh ◽

Sareh Molaei Moghbeli ◽

Hamed Reihani-Kermani ◽

Amir Reihani

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Graphite Furnace ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Copper ◽

Copper Level ◽

Control Group ◽

Serum Selenium ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Both otitis media with effusion (OME) and copper or selenium have been associated to the immune system, hence it could be proposed that cooper and/or selenium deficiency predisposes children to OME through immune cells dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of Copper and Selenium in an immundeficient-linked disease - OME – in childhood.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2015 and December 2016 including 80 patients age 1 to 8 years old who were divided into two groups: otitis media with effusion (OME) consisted of 40 patients and the control (n=40). Patients who did not recover after three months conservative treatments were included. Serum levels of Copper and Selenium were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences regarding age and sex were noted between groups. Patients with OME had significantly lower serum copper levels than the control group (p=0.007). However, there was no statistically significant difference in serum selenium levels between groups. The analysis also showed a significant positive correlation between serum copper level and age (correlation coefficient=0.348, p=0.028), whereas, there was no correlation between the measured selenium level and age.Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that serum level of copper might play a role on development of otitis media with effusion in childhood.

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Influence of exhaustive aerobic exercise on some cytokines and serum iron parameters in canine experimental model

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep160003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Dzhelebov ◽

D. Gundasheva ◽

M. Andonova ◽

V. Tsoneva ◽

P. Marutsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Iron ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Iron Status ◽

Transferrin Saturation ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Exhaustive Exercise ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Control Group ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Factor Α

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of exhaustive exercise on some cytokines and iron status parameters. We used 12 male, mongrel dogs divided into two groups – animals from experimental group were submitted to exercise at moderate intensity with exhaustion as the end-point; animals from control group did no exercise. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepcidin prohormone, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured before exercise (BE), right after exercise (0 hour) and on 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. SI, TIBC and TS were measured also on day 7 and 14 after exercise. Serum levels of TNF-α increased after the exhaustive exercise. Serum levels of IL-6 demonstrated an increase at 0 hour, but increase was not statistically significant compared to BE level. Serum levels of hepcidin prohormone marked a slight increase 48 hours after the exercise, but change was insignificant. Levels of SI decreased on hour 72 (P<0.01) and on day 7 (P<0.01) and 14 (P<0.05) after the exercise, as compared to BE level. Similar were changes in TS. TIBC decreased on 4, 24 and 72 hours (P<0.05) after exercise, but only compared to control group. In conclusion, exhaustive exercise causes inflammatory response and a significant decrease in SI levels.

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Algorithms to Assess non-Heme Iron Bioavailability

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.75.6.405 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Manju B. Reddy

Keyword(s):

Iron Absorption ◽

Iron Status ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Population Level ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Iron Bioavailability ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Non Heme Iron

While sufficient information exists on the effect of individual factors on iron absorption, their net effect in a mixed meal is less well characterized, being dependent on the combination and quantity of the factors present in the meal. Over a period of more than 25 years, several models have been developed to estimate non-heme iron bioavailability, either to assess iron absorption from a meal or iron sufficiency in populations. Initially, a model was developed to calculate iron absorption in individuals with varying iron status that included only enhancers. This model was useful in classifying the diets but has limited value for accurale assessment. Later models were modified and improved by including inhibitors in the calculations. However, some included either phytate or tea but not in combination. The models that included all the factors in calculations assumed their effect was independent and additive rather than interactive, which is an important issue in addressing iron bioavailability. Although some of the models correlated estimated bioavailability with iron status of the population, the accuracy of the estimations is of concern due to lack of quantitative measurements of bioavailability modifiers, inability to consider interactive effects, and the use of non-iron status measurements. Recent research has led to the development of refined models to assess iron bioavailability of complex meals by comprehensively taking into consideration the interactive effect among enhancers and inhibitors. However, the models are based on single-meal studies and their application to whole diets at a population level is not clear. Accurate measurements of dietary factors and independent validation are needed before using these models. To date, no single model is applicable to all diets and additional studies are needed to develop new models to predict bioavailability of whole diets accurately, in addition to addressing dietary adequacy in all populations.

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Iron Status in Female Endurance Athletes and in Non-Athletes

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.10.3.260 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 260-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jadwiga Malczewska ◽

Grzegorz Raczynski ◽

Romuald Stupnicki

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Metabolism ◽

Iron Status ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Endurance Athletes ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

High Level

Iron status was studied in 126 female endurance athletes and 52 control subjects, all aged 16–20 years. The study aimed at identifying factors responsible for iron deficiency. Twenty-six percent of athletes and 50% of controls had latent iron-deficiency without anemia symptoms. A too low intake of iron (especially heme iron: 0.3 mg daily), and of nutrients influencing iron metabolism, were identified as main causes of iron deficiency in control subjects. In athletes, whose iron intake was sufficient (14.6 mg), the principal cause of iron deficiency were blood losses due to menstruation. High level of physical activity, expressed as training volume and experience, did not adversely affect iron stores, as these were higher than in control subjects and the incidence of iron deficiency was much lower than in the control group. It was concluded that an increased intake of iron and of dietary factors involved in iron metabolism prevented possible exercise-induced losses of iron in young athletes.

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Kidney iron status in passive Heymann nephritis and the effect of an iron-deficient diet.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.v781183 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 1183-1188

Author(s):

R Baliga ◽

N Ueda ◽

S V Shah

Keyword(s):

Excretion Rate ◽

Iron Status ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Kidney Cortex ◽

Iron Level ◽

Glomerular Injury ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Non Heme Iron ◽

Heymann Nephritis ◽

Iron Deficient

In the study presented here, the iron status in the kidney in passive Heymann nephritis, a complement-dependent model of membranous nephropathy, was examined. To examine whether the effect of immune injury on iron status has a pathogenic role, the effect of an iron-deficient diet was also determined. Injection of the anti-Fx1A antibody (10 mg/100 g body wt) in Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in no change in the serum iron level, a marked increase in the urinary excretion rate of iron, a marked increase in non-heme iron content of kidney cortex, and a marked increase in the non-heme iron level in tubules. These increases in iron were prevented by feeding the rats an iron-deficient diet. In the rats fed a normal iron diet and injected with anti-Fx1A-lgG, there was no significant change in the non-heme iron level in glomeruli. However, an iron-deficient diet resulted in a significant decrease in the non-heme iron level in glomeruli, compared with its respective control. In addition, an iron-deficient diet significantly reduced urinary protein excretion rate (Day 5: iron-replete, 68 +/- 12 mg/24 h, N = 12; iron-deficient, 36 +/- 11, N = 10, P < 0.05) in the complement-dependent immune phase of the glomerular injury. Taken together, these data indicate a marked alteration in the iron status in the kidney and suggest an important role of iron in glomerular injury of passive Heymann nephritis.

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Assessment of Serum Zinc and Copper Levels among Sudanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Khartoum State-Sudan

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2020/v32i430408 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 120-125

Author(s):

Thowyba Elhadi Omer ◽

Abdelwahab Abdien Saeed ◽

Salman Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Serum Zinc ◽

Diabetes Type 2 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Copper ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Diabetes Group ◽

Dm Type 2

Background: Diabetes population in Sudan is around one million 90% have type 2 diabetes. In Sudan diabetes is as increasing problem, being responsible for 10% of hospital admission and mortality. Measurement of zinc and copper is an important in decrease development of complication of DM, any disturbance in level of both zinc and copper have role in pathogenesis, prognosis of type 2 DM. This study aimed to assess the relationship between DM type 2 and trace elements by measured serum zinc and serum copper levels among Sudanese DM type 2 in Khartoum state. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive, case control study, was conducted in Khartoum state, Sudan. During the period from April to July 2018. Forty Sudanese patients with DM (20 controlled patients with DM and 20 uncontrolled patients with DM) Diabetes patients were divided into controlled and uncontrolled groups by measuring HbA1C. (Female 25% and male 15%), with different age. were selected as case and 30 apparently healthy individuals were selected as control group. Serum zinc and copper levels were analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and ichroma for HbA1c, the obtained results were analyzed using social science software package. Results: This study showed significant lower of serum zinc in diabetes type 2 patients comparison with control group and on another hand showed significant increase of serum copper in diabetes type 2 patients. We concluded serum zinc significant lower in both diabetes group than healthy group, copper significant high in both diabetes group than healthy group, gender have significant effect in serum zinc and copper, weak positive correlation between zinc and HbA1C and weak negative correlation between copper and HbA1C. Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum levels of Zinc significant lower in type 2 diabetes than healthy individuals. Serum levels of Copper significant increase in type 2 diabetes than healthy individuals as have been found in present study. Gender have significant effect in serum Zn and Cu in diabetic patients. Weak Positive correlation between serum Zinc with HbA1c and weak negative correlation between copper with HbA1c.

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