Importance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis in Clinical Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Calves

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important viral and/or bacterial disease that mainly affects feedlot calves. The involvement of Mycoplasma bovis in BRD can lead to chronic pneumonia poorly responsive to antimicrobial treatment. Caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia is a pulmonary lesion typically associated with M. bovis. In Spain, M. bovis is widely distributed in the feedlots and circulating isolates are resistant to most antimicrobials in vitro. However, the role of this species in clinical respiratory disease of feedlot calves remains unknown. Furthermore, available data are relative to a fixed panel of antimicrobials commonly used to treat BRD, but not to the specific set of antimicrobials that have been used for treating each animal. This study examined 23 feedlot calves raised in southeast Spain (2016–2019) with clinical signs of respiratory disease unresponsive to treatment. The presence of M. bovis was investigated through bacteriology (culture and subsequent PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The pathogen was found in 86.9% (20/23) of the calves, mainly in the lungs (78.26%; 18/23). Immunohistochemistry revealed M. bovis antigens in 73.9% (17/23) of the calves in which caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia was the most frequent lesion (16/17). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays confirmed the resistance of a selection of 12 isolates to most of the antimicrobials specifically used for treating the animals in vivo. These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD affecting feedlot calves in Spain.

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Role of microRNAs as Clinical Cancer Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer: A Short Overview

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9010169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 169 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Cristina Elena Staicu ◽

Dragoș-Valentin Predescu ◽

Călin Mircea Rusu ◽

Beatrice Mihaela Radu ◽

Dragos Cretoiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Circulating Micrornas ◽

Clinical Biomarkers ◽

Molecular Clustering

Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological cancers. Early clinical signs are missing and there is an urgent need to establish early diagnosis biomarkers. MicroRNAs are promising biomarkers in this respect. In this paper, we review the most recent advances regarding the alterations of microRNAs in ovarian cancer. We have briefly described the contribution of miRNAs in the mechanisms of ovarian cancer invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy sensitivity. We have also summarized the alterations underwent by microRNAs in solid ovarian tumors, in animal models for ovarian cancer, and in various ovarian cancer cell lines as compared to previous reviews that were only focused the circulating microRNAs as biomarkers. In this context, we consider that the biomarker screening should not be limited to circulating microRNAs per se, but rather to the simultaneous detection of the same microRNA alteration in solid tumors, in order to understand the differences between the detection of nucleic acids in early vs. late stages of cancer. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo models should also validate these microRNAs, which could be very helpful as preclinical testing platforms for pharmacological and/or molecular genetic approaches targeting microRNAs. The enormous quantity of data produced by preclinical and clinical studies regarding the role of microRNAs that act synergistically in tumorigenesis mechanisms that are associated with ovarian cancer subtypes, should be gathered, integrated, and compared by adequate methods, including molecular clustering. In this respect, molecular clustering analysis should contribute to the discovery of best biomarkers-based microRNAs assays that will enable rapid, efficient, and cost-effective detection of ovarian cancer in early stages. In conclusion, identifying the appropriate microRNAs as clinical biomarkers in ovarian cancer might improve the life quality of patients.

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Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma longa (turmeric), Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary), and Allium sativum (garlic) Nanoparticle Extract on Chicken with Chronic Respiratory Disease Complex: In Vivo Study

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01054

Author(s):

Ekowati Handharyani ◽

Lina N. Sutardi ◽

Aulia A. Mustika ◽

Andriani Andriani ◽

Sri Yuliani

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group

Previous in vitro studies showed that nanoparticle extract of turmeric, zedoary, and garlic exhibit antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) which causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chicken. This research aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles of Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, and Allium sativum extract to CRD infected chicken. In vivo test of antibacterial activity of turmeric, zedoary, and garlic nanoparticle in combination was conducted on chicken infected by M. gallisepticum and Escherichia coli (E.coli). Antibiotic control used was enrofloxacin. As many as 75 chickens were divided into 5 groups containing 15 chickens each. Group one consisted of healthy chickens (positive control); group two consisted of chickens that have been inoculated by bacteria (negative control); group three (treatment) were chickens inoculated by bacterium and given extract nanoparticle combination on day 7 of infection for 7 days; group four (prevention) were chickens inoculated by bacterium and given combination of extract nanoparticles on day 5 before infection for 14 days; group five were chickens inoculated with bacterium and given enrofloxacin antibiotics for 7 days. In vivo research results showed increased body weight and performance indicated by improvements in clinical signs, and gross pathology changes. The combination of three extract nanoparticles showed the best activity in controlling CRD in chicken, both as preventive and curative means.

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Role of Bacterial and Host DNases on Host-Pathogen Interaction during Streptococcus suis Meningitis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21155289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5289

Author(s):

Marita Meurer ◽

Sophie Öhlmann ◽

Marta C. Bonilla ◽

Peter Valentin-Weigand ◽

Andreas Beineke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

3D Cell Culture ◽

Streptococcus Suis ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Host Pathogen Interaction ◽

Culture Model ◽

Dnase 1

Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent causing meningitis in pigs and humans. Neutrophils, as the first line of defense against S. suis infections, release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to entrap pathogens. In this study, we investigated the role of the secreted nuclease A of S. suis (SsnA) as a NET-evasion factor in vivo and in vitro. Piglets were intranasally infected with S. suis strain 10 or an isogenic ssnA mutant. DNase and NET-formation were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue. Animals infected with S. suis strain 10 or S. suis 10ΔssnA showed the presence of NETs in CSF and developed similar clinical signs. Therefore, SsnA does not seem to be a crucial virulence factor that contributes to the development of meningitis in pigs. Importantly, DNase activity was detectable in the CSF of both infection groups, indicating that host nucleases, in contrast to bacterial nuclease SsnA, may play a major role during the onset of meningitis. The effect of DNase 1 on neutrophil functions was further analyzed in a 3D-cell culture model of the porcine blood–CSF barrier. We found that DNase 1 partially contributes to enhanced killing of S. suis by neutrophils, especially when plasma is present. In summary, host nucleases may partially contribute to efficient innate immune response in the CSF.

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Prospect use of Phaleria macrocarpa to prevent motile aeromonad septicaemia disease in Patin Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.6.109-117 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

D. Wahjuningrum ◽

S.L. Angka ◽

W. Lesmanawati ◽

. Sa’diyah ◽

M. Yuhana

Keyword(s):

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus ◽

Phaleria Macrocarpa

Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia (MAS) disease is one of bacterial disease frequently infecting freshwater fishes including patin catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. This study was performed to determine antimicrobial of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) and its potency against MAS disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. The in vitro susceptibility test was performed by pour plate methods at the dosages of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/l PM. At the in vivo test, fish were fed with the addition of PM into the diet at a dosage of 6, 12, and 18 g/l and 0 g/l as a control for 8 days. At ninth day, fish were infected with A.hydrophila. For seven days after infection the clinical signs and blood pictures were observed. The in vitro test indicated that PM had an antibacterial effect to A.hydrophila at the dosage of 6 g/l. Addition of PM in the diet for 8 days increased haemoglobine. The results showed that lowest clinical sign and smallest number of in fected fish was found at dosage of 12 g/l PM. PM can be used as a preventive method for MAS. Keywords: Phaleria macrocarpa, antibacterial, "patin", MAS disease, Aeromonas hydrophila Abstrak Penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia) merupakan penyakit bakterial yang banyak menyerang ikan-ikan air tawar termasuk patin Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan antibakteri dari mahkota dewa (MD) Phaleria macrocarpa terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila penyebab penyakit MAS dan potensinya dalam pencegahan penyakit ini. Pada uji in vitro dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri MD terhadap A. hydrophila dengan metode hitungan cawan pada dosis MD 2, 4, 6, 8, dan 10 g/l. Pada uji in vivo, ikan uji diberi pakan yang dicampur MD dengan dosis berbeda yaitu 0 g/l (kontrol +), 6, 12, dan 18 g/l, selama 8 hari. Pada hari kesembilan ikan disuntik dengan A. hydrophila dan pengamatan dilanjutkan selama 7 hari, meliputi pengamatan gejala klinis dan gambaran darah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MD bersifat antibakteri terhadap A. hydrophila dengan dosis efektif 6 g/l. Pemberian MD selama 8 hari dapat meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin, kadar hematokrit, jumlah lekosit, serta meningkatkan kemampuan fagositik darah. Dosis MD sebesar 12 g/l menunjukkan hasil paling baik yang ditunjang oleh gejala klinis paling ringan (sampai tahap nekrosis), dengan jumlah ikan yang terinfeksi paling sedikit (45%) dan waktu penyembuhan paling cepat (hari ke 6). Dengan demikian, MD dapat digunakan untuk mencegah penyakit MAS. Kata kunci: mahkota dewa, antibakterial, ikan patin, penyakit MAS, Aeromonas hydrophila

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Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Milan R. Obradovic ◽

Mariela Segura ◽

Joaquim Segalés ◽

Marcelo Gottschalk

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Streptococcus Suis ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Virulent Strains

AbstractStreptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.

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Glycoprotein G is a virulence factor in infectious laryngotracheitis virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.82194-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 87 (10) ◽

pp. 2839-2847 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

J. M. Devlin ◽

G. F. Browning ◽

C. A. Hartley ◽

N. C. Kirkpatrick ◽

A. Mahmoudian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Factor ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽

Glycoprotein G ◽

Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽

Laryngotracheitis Virus

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV; Gallid herpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes acute respiratory disease in chickens. The role of glycoprotein G (gG) in vitro has been investigated in a number of alphaherpesviruses, but the relevance of gG in vivo in the pathogenicity of ILTV or in other alphaherpesviruses is unknown. In this study, gG-deficient mutants of ILTV were generated and inoculated into specific-pathogen-free chickens to assess the role of gG in pathogenicity. In chickens, gG-deficient ILTV reached a similar titre to wild-type (wt) ILTV but was significantly attenuated with respect to induction of clinical signs, effect on weight gain and bird mortality. In addition, an increased tracheal mucosal thickness, reflecting increased inflammatory cell infiltration at the site of infection, was detected in birds inoculated with gG-deficient ILTV compared with birds inoculated with wt ILTV. The reinsertion of gG into gG-deficient ILTV restored the in vivo phenotype of the mutant to that of wt ILTV. Quantitative PCR analysis of the expression of the genes adjacent to gG demonstrated that they were not affected by the deletion of gG and investigations in vitro confirmed that the phenotype of gG-deficient ILTV was consistent with unaltered expression of these adjacent genes. This is the first reported study to demonstrate definitively that gG is a virulence factor in ILTV and that deletion of gG from this alphaherpesvirus genome causes marked attenuation of the virus in its natural host.

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Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Chimeric Spike Glycoproteins Induce Partial Protective Immunity against Homologous Challenge despite Limited ReplicationIn Vivo

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01473-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 92 (23) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Samantha Ellis ◽

Sarah Keep ◽

Paul Britton ◽

Sjaak de Wit ◽

Erica Bickerton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Immunity ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Cross Protection ◽

Ciliary Activity ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Homologous Challenge

ABSTRACTVaccination regimes againstInfectious bronchitis virus(IBV), which are based on a single virus serotype, often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection against serotypes and two or more antigenically diverse vaccines are used in attempt to provide broader protection. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, are associated with poor cross-protection. Here, homologous vaccination trials with recombinant IBVs (rIBVs), based on the apathogenic strain, BeauR, were conducted to elucidate the role of S1 in protection. A single vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with rIBV expressing S1 of virulent strains M41 or QX, BeauR-M41(S1) and BeauR-QX(S1), gave incomplete protection against homologous challenge, based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. There could be conformational issues with the spike if heterologous S1 and S2 are linked, suggesting a homologous S2 might be essential. To address this, a homologous vaccination-challenge trial incorporating rIBVs expressing full spike from M41, BeauR-M41(S), and S2 subunit from M41, BeauR-M41(S2) was conducted. All chimeric viruses grew to similar titersin vitro, induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, evident by cellular infiltrations, reductions in viral RNA load in the trachea and conjunctiva and higher serum anti-IBV titers. Collectively, these findings show that vaccination with rIBVs primed the birds for challenge but the viruses were cleared rapidly from the mucosal tissues in the head. Chimeric S1 and S2 viruses did not protect as effectively as BeauR-M41(S) based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improvedin vivoreplication may improve the levels of protection.IMPORTANCEInfectious bronchitis virus causes an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease, responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, have been associated with poor cross-protection. Available vaccines give poor cross-protection and rationally designed live attenuated vaccines, based on apathogenic BeauR, could address these. Here, to determine the role of S1 in protection, a series of homologous vaccination trials with rIBVs were conducted. Single vaccinations with chimeric rIBVs induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, characterized by reduction in viral load and serum antibody titers. However, BeauR-M41(S) was the only vaccination to improve the level of protection against clinical signs and the loss of tracheal ciliary activity. Growth characteristics show that all of the rIBVs replicatedin vitroto similar levels. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improvedin vivoreplication may improve the levels of protection.

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Effect of penol on the GABA receptor-coupled Cl/HCO-ATPase from rat brain in / experiments

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2018.04.48-52 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

С.А. Мензиков

Keyword(s):

Rat Brain ◽

Gaba Receptor ◽

Plasma Membranes ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Toxic Substance ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Neuronal Membranes

Фенол (гидроксибензол) является токсичным веществом. Одним из клинических признаков проявления эффекта высоких доз фенола на животных является судорожная активность, молекулярные механизмы которой остаются неясными. Цель исследования - изучение молекулярных механизмов судорожной активности при действии токсиканта (фенол) с нервно-паралитической природой действия. Методика. Исследована роль Cl/HCO-АТФазы, которая участвует в ГАМК рецептор-сопряженном АТФ-зависимом Cl-транспорте через нейрональные мембраны мозга животных. Результаты. Исследования in vivo показали, что после внутрибрюшинной инъекции животным фенола (300 мг/кг) наблюдается судорожная реакция, при этом АТФазная активность мозга крыс не выявляется. В экспериментах in vitro установлено, что фенол (500 мкМ) полностью ингибирует функциональную активность Cl/HCO-АТФазы нейрональных мембран мозга крыс. Заключение. Делается вывод о важной роли нейрональной Cl/HCO-АТФазы в патогенезе и проявлении судорожных ответов у животных. Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is a toxic substance with a neuroparalytic nature of action. One of the clinical signs of the manifestation of the effect high doses of phenol on animals is convulsive activity, the molecular mechanisms of which remain unclear. Aim. In order to clarify these mechanisms, in the present work we investigated the role of Cl/HCO-ATPase, which is involved in GABA receptor-coupled ATP-dependent Cl-transport through the plasma membranes of the neurons of animals brain. Results. In vivo studies have been shown that after intraperitoneal injection of phenol at a dose of 300 mg/kg to the animals, a convulsive reaction is observed, while the Cl/HCO-ATPase of the rat brain is not detected. In in vitro experiments, it was established that phenol (500 мM) completely inhibits the functional activity of the Cl/HCO-ATPase of the neuronal membranes from rat brain. It was assumed the important role of neuronal Cl/HCO-ATPase in the pathogenesis of phenolic neurotoxicity and the manifestation of convulsive responses in animals.

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The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000116 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 228-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mauro Serafini ◽

Giuseppa Morabito

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

The Body ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽

Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

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Anti-obesity role of Aster glehni extract: in vivo and in vitro effects

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0032-1320443 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (11) ◽

Author(s):

HM Lee ◽

TG Ahn ◽

CW Kim ◽

HJ An

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Effects

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