scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in the Primary Motor Cortex of Newborn to Adult Domestic Pig Sus scrofa domesticus

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2019
Author(s):  
Salvatore Desantis ◽  
Serena Minervini ◽  
Lorenzo Zallocco ◽  
Bruno Cozzi ◽  
Andrea Pirone
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus

The pig has been increasingly used as a suitable animal model in translational neuroscience. However, several features of the fast-growing, immediately motor-competent cerebral cortex of this species have been adequately described. This study analyzes the cytoarchitecture of the primary motor cortex (M1) of newborn, young and adult pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Moreover, we investigated the distribution of the neural cells expressing the calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) (calretinin, CR; parvalbumin, PV) throughout M1. The primary motor cortex of newborn piglets was characterized by a dense neuronal arrangement that made the discrimination of the cell layers difficult, except for layer one. The absence of a clearly recognizable layer four, typical of the agranular cortex, was noted in young and adult pigs. The morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses revealed age-associated changes characterized by (1) thickness increase and neuronal density (number of cells/mm2 of M1) reduction during the first year of life; (2) morphological changes of CR-immunoreactive neurons in the first months of life; (3) higher density of CR- and PV-immunopositive neurons in newborns when compared to young and adult pigs. Since most of the present findings match with those of the human M1, this study strengthens the growing evidence that the brain of the pig can be used as a potentially valuable translational animal model during growth and development.

scholarly journals Sarm1 deletion suppresses TDP-43-linked motor neuron degeneration and cortical spine loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. White ◽  
Ziqiang Lin ◽  
Eugene Kim ◽  
Christopher M. Henstridge ◽  
Emiliano Pena Altamira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Wallerian Degeneration ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects the motor system and shares many features with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Evidence suggests that ALS is a ‘dying-back’ disease, with peripheral denervation and axonal degeneration occurring before loss of motor neuron cell bodies. Distal to a nerve injury, a similar pattern of axonal degeneration can be seen, which is mediated by an active axon destruction mechanism called Wallerian degeneration. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (Sarm1) is a key gene in the Wallerian pathway and its deletion provides long-term protection against both Wallerian degeneration and Wallerian-like, non-injury induced axonopathy, a retrograde degenerative process that occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases where axonal transport is impaired. Here, we explored whether Sarm1 signalling could be a therapeutic target for ALS by deleting Sarm1 from a mouse model of ALS-FTD, a TDP-43Q331K, YFP-H double transgenic mouse. Sarm1 deletion attenuated motor axon degeneration and neuromuscular junction denervation. Motor neuron cell bodies were also significantly protected. Deletion of Sarm1 also attenuated loss of layer V pyramidal neuronal dendritic spines in the primary motor cortex. Structural MRI identified the entorhinal cortex as the most significantly atrophic region, and histological studies confirmed a greater loss of neurons in the entorhinal cortex than in the motor cortex, suggesting a prominent FTD-like pattern of neurodegeneration in this transgenic mouse model. Despite the reduction in neuronal degeneration, Sarm1 deletion did not attenuate age-related behavioural deficits caused by TDP-43Q331K. However, Sarm1 deletion was associated with a significant increase in the viability of male TDP-43Q331K mice, suggesting a detrimental role of Wallerian-like pathways in the earliest stages of TDP-43Q331K-mediated neurodegeneration. Collectively, these results indicate that anti-SARM1 strategies have therapeutic potential in ALS-FTD.

scholarly journals Effect of High-Induction Magnetic Stimulation on Complex Heart Rate Variability of Sus Scrofa Domesticus under General Anesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Hanáková ◽  
Jaroslav Průcha ◽  
Vladimír Socha ◽  
Milan Štengl ◽  
Sarah Van den Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
High Induction ◽  
Quantification Analysis ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus

Modern approaches to physical therapy often use electric currents induced by time-varying magnetic fields. Although some of these methods are already commonly used, and only a few studies are looking at applying particular techniques on exposed tissue. In this study, a high-induction magnetic stimulation (HIMS) was applied to the chest area to affect the electrical conduction system of the heart. The animal model Sus scrofa domesticus was used for the study. Standard methods were used to make the subsequent analysis, i.e., heart rate variability in time and frequency domain. Concerning the nonlinear character of the electrocardiographic signal and evaluating complex variability (complexity), recurrent quantification analysis was used. The results show high resistance to a physiologically working heart, but there are also specific changes concerning complex variability. Thus, the results indicate that the HIMS application in the chest area may not pose a significant risk to healthy individuals in terms of the short-term effect of this technique on cardiac activity. However, cardiac activity is still, to some extent, affected by the HIMS application. In view of this and the fact that the study was conducted on an animal model, further research in this area would be appropriate.

Age-related decrease in paired-pulse intracortical inhibition in the human primary motor cortex

2001 ◽  
Vol 313 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Peinemann ◽  
Christian Lehner ◽  
Bastian Conrad ◽  
Hartwig Roman Siebner
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals Impact of interhemispheric inhibition on bimanual movement control in young and old

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Morishita ◽  
Jan E. Timmermann ◽  
Robert Schulz ◽  
Friedhelm C. Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Bimanual Movement ◽  
Interhemispheric Inhibition ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractInterhemispheric interactions demonstrate a crucial role for directing bimanual movement control. In humans, a well-established paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm enables to assess these interactions by means of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI). Previous studies have examined changes in IHI from the active to the resting primary motor cortex during unilateral muscle contractions; however, behavioral relevance of such changes is still inconclusive. In the present study, we evaluated two bimanual tasks, i.e., mirror activity and bimanual anti-phase tapping, to examine behavioral relevance of IHI for bimanual movement control within this behavioral framework. Two age groups (young and older) were evaluated as bimanual movement control demonstrates evident behavioral decline in older adults. Two types of IHI with differential underlying mechanisms were measured; IHI was tested at rest and during a motor task from the active to the resting primary motor cortex. Results demonstrate an association between behavior and short-latency IHI in the young group: larger short-latency IHI correlated with better bimanual movement control (i.e., less mirror activity and better bimanual anti-phase tapping). These results support the view that short-latency IHI represents a neurophysiological marker for the ability to suppress activity of the contralateral side, likely contributing to efficient bimanual movement control. This association was not observed in the older group, suggesting age-related functional changes of IHI. To determine underlying mechanisms of impaired bimanual movement control due to neurological disorders, it is crucial to have an in-depth understanding of age-related mechanisms to disentangle disorder-related mechanisms of impaired bimanual movement control from age-related ones.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in the human primary motor cortex: A macroscopic and microscopic study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Anne George ◽  
Usha K K
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

Background: Cerebral hemisphere has outer gray matter and inner white matter. The cerebrum is folded into gyri and sulci in order to accommodate it in the skull. The thickness of the gray matter varies at sulci and gyri and the mean thickness may be from 1.5 mm to 4.0 mm. Aims and Objectives: (1) To demonstrate the cells and laminar architecture of the primary motor cortex with different stains. (2) To find out the age-related changes in the thickness of the primary motor cortex and the depth of the central sulcus. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was done using 50 adult human brains and 10 fetal brains obtained from the Department of Forensic medicine and OBG, respectively, in a Government Medical College in Kerala during 2001–2003. At autopsy, the central sulcus and the precentral gyrus were identified. Depth of central sulcus and thickness of precentral gyrus, in upper, middle, and lower parts were measured using Vernier calipers. Tissue specimens were taken from the precentral gyrus and after fixation in 10% formalin, hematoxylin, and eosin-stained slides were prepared and viewed under a light microscope identifying six laminae. Using an oculo micrometer, width of the six laminae were measured. Pyramidal cells and stellate cells were observed and their size measured. Results: Depth of the central sulcus was more on the right side but it was minimal on the middle part of both sides. The thickness of the precentral gyrus varied from 1 to 6 mm. Maximum thickness of 6 mm was found in the middle and lower parts in the 21–30 age group. Lamina 5 was the widest of all laminae. Maximum width of 1000 μ was noted in the 41–50 age group. Conclusion: Grey matter thickness of 1-6 mm noted in this study was comparable with other studies. Pyramidal cells of varying sizes were seen in all sections with different staining methods. It was confirmed that neuronal loss is inevitable as age advances.

scholarly journals Genetic Inhibition of sFRP3 Prevents Glial Reactivity in a Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (Suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Ana Mia Corujo-Ramirez ◽  
Malvika Dua ◽  
Ki Hyun Yoo ◽  
Alfredo Oliveros ◽  
Mi-Hyeon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Glial Reactivity

Purpose: Aging is the most significant risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders that are typified by cognitive deficits. Our recent work utilizing BubR1 hypomorphic (<i>BubR1</i><sup>H/H</sup>) mice, an accelerated aging model, has revealed that genetic inhibition of the endogenous Wnt pathway inhibitor secreted frizzled related protein 3 (sFRP3) plays a neuroprotective role. Neuroinflammation has been suggested as a pathological hallmark of age-related neurodegeneration mediating cognitive impairment. However, whether sFRP3 inhibition has a neuroprotective effect on neuroinflammatory gliosis in <i>BubR1</i><sup>H/H</sup> mice is unknown.Methods: To investigate neuroprotection from aging-related neuroinflammation by sFRP3 <i>in vivo</i>, we generated double <i>Bub R1</i><sup>H/H</sup>;<i>sfrp</i>3 knockout mice and performed immunohistological analysis with cell type-specific markers for astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), and microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1). Given that the hippocampus is a brain structure critical for learning and memory, and is uniquely affected in aging-related neurodegeneration, we evaluated morphological changes on astrocytes and microglia via confocal imaging.Results: We demonstrate that <i>BubR1</i><sup>H/H</sup> mice exhibit significantly increased levels of astrogliosis and an increased trend of microglial activation in the hilus and molecular layer of the young adult hippocampus, thus suggesting that BubR1 insufficiency accelerates glial reactivity. Importantly, our results further show that genetic inhibition of sFRP3 significantly recovers the astrogliosis and microglial activation observed in <i>BubR1</i><sup>H/H</sup> mice, suggesting a critical neuroprotective role for sFRP3 in age-related neuroinflammation.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sFRP3 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Perisomatic innervation and neurochemical features of giant pyramidal neurons in both hemispheres of the human primary motor cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Szocsics ◽  
Péter Papp ◽  
László Havas ◽  
Masahiko Watanabe ◽  
Zsófia Maglóczky
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Post Mortem Interval ◽  
Soma Size ◽  
Betz Cells

AbstractBetz cells—the gigantopyramidal neurons found in high amount in the primary motor cortex—are among of the most characteristic neuronal cells. A part of them contains the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in primates. However, less is known about these cells in the human motor cortex despite their important role in different neurological disorders. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the neurochemical features and perisomatic input properties of Betz cells in control human samples with short post-mortem interval. We used different microscopic techniques to investigate the primary motor cortex of both hemispheres. The soma size and density, and expression of PV of the Betz cells were investigated. Furthermore, we used confocal fluorescent and electron microscopy to examine their perisomatic input. The soma size and density showed moderate variability among samples and hemispheres. Post-mortem interval and hemispherical localization did not influence these features. Around 70% of Betz cells expressed PV, but in less intensity than the cortical interneurons. Betz neurons receive dense perisomatic input, which are mostly VIAAT- (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter) and PV immunopositive. In the electron microscope, we found PV-immunolabelled terminals with asymmetric-like synaptic structure, too. Terminals with morphologically similar synaptic specialisation were also found among vGluT2- (vesicular glutamate transporter type 2) immunostained terminals contacting Betz cells. Our data suggest that Betz cells’ morphological properties showed less variability among subjects and hemispheres than the density of them. Their neurochemical and perisomatic input characteristics support their role in execution of fast and precise movements.

Membrane-associated microtubular areays induced in proximal myelinated processes of dorsal root ganglia by large doses of vitamin B6

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
V.J. Montpetit ◽  
S. Dancea ◽  
L. Tryphonas ◽  
D.F. Clapin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Model System ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Very large doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) are neurotoxic in humans, selectively affecting the peripheral sensory nerves. We have undertaken a study of the morphological and biochemical aspects of pyridoxine neurotoxicity in an animal model system. Early morphological changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) associated with pyridoxine megadoses include proliferation of neurofilaments, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complexes. We present in this report evidence of the formation of unique aggregates of microtubules and membranes in the proximal processes of DRG which are induced by high levels of pyridoxine.

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