scholarly journals Differentiating Pigs from Wild Boars Based on NR6A1 and MC1R Gene Polymorphisms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2123
Author(s):  
Anna Koseniuk ◽  
Grzegorz Smołucha ◽  
Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska ◽  
Anna Radko ◽  
Dominika Rubiś
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Large White ◽  
Allelic Discrimination Assay ◽  
Allelic Discrimination ◽  
Mc1r Gene ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Network Software

This preliminary study aimed to differentiate domestic pigs from wild boars based on MC1R and NR6A1 polymorphisms and to identify admixture between these genomes. We studied samples obtained from wild boars from two regions of Poland and five pig breeds: Polish Landrace, Polish Large White, Złotnicka White, Pulawska and Duroc. Along the MC1R gene sequence, we identified four polymorphic loci comprising three codons. The “wild type” allele was primarily found in wild boar but also in the Duroc and Złotnicka White breeds. Non-wild type alleles were identified in the vast majority of domestic pig samples and in two wild boar samples. Based on MC1R profiles, we conducted a population study, and revealed admixture between both genomes using STRUCTURE and NETWORK Software. Interestingly, an allelic discrimination assay with NR6A1 g.748C > T TaqMan probes revealed a clear separation of samples into two groups: wild boar samples representing the C allele and domestic breeds representing the T allele. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that NR6A1 g.748C > T is an effective marker for differentiating between wild boars and domestic pigs, where this is supported by MC1R data, to identify admixed profiles. We recommend that a larger sample of genomes is studied to verify this method.

scholarly journals Copy Number and Prevalence of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) in German Wild Boars

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Luise Krüger ◽  
Milena Stillfried ◽  
Carolin Prinz ◽  
Vanessa Schröder ◽  
Lena Katharina Neubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Cellular Genes ◽  
Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Different Populations

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of pigs and are transmitted like cellular genes from parents to the offspring. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs, PERV-C was found to be in many, but not all pigs. When PERV-C is present, recombination with PERV-A may happen and the PERV-A/C recombinants are characterized by a high replication rate. Until now, nothing has been known about the copy number of PERVs in wild boars and little is known about the prevalence of the phylogenetically youngest PERV-C in ancient wild boars. Here we investigated for the first time the copy number of PERVs in different populations of wild boars in and around Berlin using droplet digital PCR. Copy numbers between 3 and 69 per genome have been measured. A lower number but a higher variability was found compared to domestic pigs, including minipigs reported earlier (Fiebig et al., Xenotransplantation, 2018). The wild boar populations differed genetically and had been isolated during the existence of the Berlin wall. Despite this, the variations in copy number were larger in a single population compared to the differences between the populations. PERV-C was found in all 92 analyzed animals. Differences in the copy number of PERV in different organs of a single wild boar indicate that PERVs are also active in wild boars, replicating and infecting new cells as has been shown in domestic pigs.

scholarly journals Introgression of Eastern Chinese and Southern Chinese haplotypes contributes to the improvement of fertility and immunity in European modern pigs

GigaScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Min Huang ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Zhongping Wu ◽  
Zheng Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Large White ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Pigs were domesticated independently from European and Asian wild boars nearly 10,000 years ago. Chinese indigenous pigs have been historically introduced to improve Europe local pigs. However, the geographic origin and biological functions of introgressed Chinese genes in modern European pig breeds remain largely unknown. Results Here we explored whole-genome sequencing data from 266 Eurasian wild boars and domestic pigs to produce a fine-scale map of introgression between French Large White (FLW) and Chinese pigs. We show that FLW pigs had historical admixture with both Southern Chinese (SCN) and Eastern Chinese (ECN) pigs ∼200–300 years ago. Moreover, a set of SCN haplotypes was shown to be beneficial for improving disease resistance and ECN haplotypes are favorable for improved reproductive performance in FLW pigs. In addition, we confirm human-mediated introgression events at the AHR locus, at which the haplotype of most likely ECN origin contributes to increased fertility of FLW pigs. Conclusions This study advances our understanding of the breeding history of global domestic pigs and highlights the importance of artificial introgression in the formation of phenotypic characteristics in domestic animals.

scholarly journals Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski ◽  
Magdalena Frączyk ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk ◽  
Zygmunt Pejsak
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is currently one of the most severe viral infections of domestic pigs, wild boars, and other hosts belonging to Suidae family. ASF is also considered as the most complex and devastating infectious and haemorrhagic disease of swine due to its severe socio-economic impact and transboundary character. ASF it is a notifiable disease and due to the lack of specific treatment and vaccine, the disease can be only limited by the administrative measures comprising wild boar hunting and stamping out of affected pigs. ASF occurred for the first time in Kenya in 1921 while in Europe (Portugal) the virus was detected at the end of the 1950s. In spite of successful eradication of this threat in a number of affected regions, the virus remains endemic in both feral and domestic pigs in Africa and Sardinia. The ‘new era’ of ASF started in 2007 after its re-introduction to Georgia. Following its intensive expansion, the virus spread to other Caucasian countries, including the territory of the Russian Federation. In 2014 the virus reached Ukraine, Belarus, and, consequently, European Union countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Poland. The occurrence of ASF in wild boars and pigs had a severe impact on both epidemiology and economy because of the national and international transport and trade consequences. Up to date, starting from the February 2014, eighty ASF cases in wild boar and three outbreaks in domestic pigs have been diagnosed. Taking into account the diverse rate of spread in Poland, this review aims to present and discuss the current state of knowledge on ASF including its epidemiology, pathology, transmission, and perspectives of control.

scholarly journals Comparative genome analysis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from domestic pigs and wild boars suggests host adaptation and selective pressure from the use of antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Söderlund ◽  
Nicoletta Formenti ◽  
Stefania Caló ◽  
Mario Chiari ◽  
Mate Zoric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Capsule Production

The disease erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is a major concern in pig production. In the present study the genomes of ER from pigs (n=87), wild boars (n=71) and other sources (n=85) were compared in terms of whole-genome SNP variation, accessory genome content and the presence of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants. The aim was to investigate if genetic features among ER were associated with isolate origin in order to better estimate the risk of transmission of porcine-adapted strains from wild boars to free-range pigs and to increase our understanding of the evolution of ER. Pigs and wild boars carried isolates representing all ER clades, but clade one only occurred in healthy wild boars and healthy pigs. Several accessory genes or gene variants were found to be significantly associated with the pig and wild boar hosts, with genes predicted to encode cell wall-associated or extracellular proteins overrepresented. Gene variants associated with serovar determination and capsule production in serovars known to be pathogenic for pigs were found to be significantly associated with pigs as hosts. In total, 30 % of investigated pig isolates but only 6 % of wild boar isolates carried resistance genes, most commonly tetM (tetracycline) and lsa(E) together with lnu(B) (lincosamides, pleuromutilin and streptogramin A). The incidence of variably present genes including resistance determinants was weakly linked to phylogeny, indicating that host adaptation in ER has evolved multiple times in diverse lineages mediated by recombination and the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. The presented results support the occurrence of host-adapted ER strains, but they do not indicate frequent transmission between wild boars and domestic pigs. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Pasture intake and grazing behaviour of growing European wild boar (Sus scrofaL.) and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus, Landrace×Large White) in a semi-extensive production system

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. HODGKINSON ◽  
C. POLANCO ◽  
L. ACEITON ◽  
I. F. LOPEZ
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Large White ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
European Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa Domesticus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to determine the pasture intake of European wild boar and domestic pigs throughout their growth period (from 60 to 207 days of age). The proportion of time that each animal type spent grazing was also determined. Twelve 60-day-old pure-bred European wild boar (six castrated males and six females, average live-weight (±s.e.m.) 6·8 ± 0·37 kg) and 12 70-day-old domestic pigs (Large White × Landrace, six castrated males and six females, average live-weight [ ±s.e.m.] 24·1 ± 0·66 kg) were used in the study. Each day during the study, the animals grazed from 08·00 until 16·00 h, after which they hadad-libitumaccess to a supplemental diet for 1 h. Every 14 days throughout the study (a total of ten determinations), the pasture consumption was determined as the difference between the pasture dry matter (DM) availability pre- and post-grazing. The supplemental diet consumption was also determined. Three times during the study (age of animals 85, 140 and 198 days), the behaviour of each animal was observed over four consecutive days while grazing. When considered on a metabolic bodyweight basis, the pasture consumption of the European wild boar was greater than that in the domestic pigs. Approximately 0·20 of the total DM intake by the wild boar was pasture, whereas only 0·10 of the total DM intake by the domestic pigs was pasture. However, domestic pigs consumed a greater quantity of supplemental diet than the wild boar. The wild boar obtained 0·20 of their total daily dietary apparent energy intake from pasture, compared with 0·07 in the domestic pigs. Wild boar were more active during 8-h grazing periods spending 0·54 of their time grazing or moving around, compared with 0·32 of the time in domestic pigs.

scholarly journals Territorial pattern between outbreaks of ASF among wild and domestic pigs in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (104) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Ye. O. Dudnyk
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
Epizootic Process

The article presents the results of the analysis of the epizootic situation in Ukraine regarding African swine fever among domestic and wild pigs from 2012 to 2020 and identifies the main sources of virus spread as well as weak links in the biological safety system of farms. When studying the statistical material of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding animal morbidity, revealed a territorial pattern between the outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs of private farms and pig-breeding complexes, and proved the involvement of the European boar in the epizootic process as a natural reservoir and mobile focus of infection. Calculated the number of outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs within the same region and district, and studied the sequence of the emergence of foci on limited territories. Analyzed the natural focality of the disease, the probability of infection transmission to the domestic pig farm sector, and the role of infected objects in the spread of the virus among wild animal populations. From 2012 to 2020 inclusive, according to FAO statistics, 537 cases of African swine fever were recorded in Ukraine, 21.7 % of which were associated with wild boars. In 2017 and 2018, the role of the European wild boar in the epizootic process is best reflected, when 10.9 % (2017) and 20.4 % (2018) of outbreaks of African swine fever among domestic animals recorded in the same administrative districts, where during a year this desiase was detected among wild pigs. When analyzing statistical data of the recent years, the effectiveness of introducing more detailed monitoring of African swine fever among wild boars using modern laboratory methods and improving biosafety measures in the private sector and directly on hunting grounds has been proved. Further research is based on predicting the dynamics of the spread of African swine fever in Ukraine and the role of wild boar in this epizootic process. In addition, the role of wild boar in the spread of African swine fever in other countries and the most effective foreign methods of disease control and prevention will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Afrykański pomór świń i interwencyjny odstrzał dzika – podstawy prawa unijnego i krajowego

2020 ◽  
pp. 347-356
Author(s):  
Magdalena Sitek
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
European Countries ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Wild Boar Hunting

The ASF virus has been spreading among wild boars for over a decade in several European countries, including Poland. As a result, there are quitenumerous infections among domestic pigs as well. Therefore, numerous EU and Member State regulations have been published in this respect anda biosecurity procedure has been introduced. One of its elements is to hunt wild boars in areas vulnerable to the ASF virus. The increase in the numberof infections among wild boars and the appearance of numerous outbreaks of this disease among pigs prompted the Polish authorities to allow a significant increase in the amount of wild boar hunting. This decision aroused debate on the legitimacy of such a solution. The purpose of this study is toanalyse the provisions of EU and Polish law regarding the legitimacy of an increase in the amount of wild boar hunting in Poland.

scholarly journals Characterisation of pseudorabies virus in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Keros ◽  
Dragan Brnić ◽  
Jelena Prpić ◽  
Danko Dežđek ◽  
Lorena Jemeršić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Genome Fragment ◽  
Serological Data

Serological data imply that pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) is present in domestic pigs and wild boars in Croatia. Therefore, this study included testing of brain tissue samples collected from 200 domestic pigs and 105 wild boars originating from seventeen districts of Croatia. The presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV) DNA was confirmed in samples originating from six domestic pigs (3%) and one wild boar (0.95%). Positive samples were sequenced and analysed on the basis of a gC genome fragment. PrV strains have shown to be genetically identical and they are strongly related to some representative strains in the relatively heterogeneous Clade A. The results clearly show that PrV is still circulating among the domestic pig population in Croatia. Furthermore, the presence of pseudorabies virus in wild boars underlines the importance of this species as a PrV reservoir. Continued surveillance is necessary to track the viral spread in order to achieve final eradication of the disease.

scholarly journals Using in silico RFLP method for the study of MC1R gene alleles in the species Sus Scrofa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Sitnic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Mc1r Gene ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Conservation Measures

Abstract. In the present study we aimed to use a bioinformatics algorithm that predict RFLP fragmentation of swine MC1R alleles simulating the sequence digestion with over 700 restriction enzymes. The results show several restriction enzymes that have the potential to be used for genotyping of Sus scrofa individuals and for differentiation between hybrids and pure line wild boars (WB)/domestic pigs (DP). Genotyping studies of wild boars and domestic pigs in Moldova populations would allow the determination of introgression/backcrossing degree and would contribute to the elaboration of adequate conservation measures

scholarly journals Development of an InDel marker set to establish hybridization between wild boar and domestic pig (Sus scrofa) breeds

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Bendegúz Mihalik ◽  
Krisztián Frank ◽  
Dániel Szemethy ◽  
Viktor Stéger ◽  
Szilvia Kusza
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Large White ◽  
Variant Call ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
Cost Efficient

Wild boar and domestic pig breeds belong to the same species (Sus scrofa), so they can easily have viable offspring. This could be a problem in preserving the genetic lines of wild boars, keeping clean the food industry from lower-grade hybrid boar meat, and „producing” ethically questionable trophies, too. The aim of our study was to develop a cost-efficient, fast, easy and accurate marker set which can separate the wild boars from hybrids and domestic pig breeds. The InDel markers were developed using 59 full pig genomes of 17 different breeds (e.g. Duroc, Large White, Landrace, Mangalica, wild boar). Sequence differences between the genomes of wild boars and domestic breeds were identified in variant call files, and verified using the IGV software. Wild boar, mangalica and duroc specific primers to amplify the chosen InDel regions were designed using Primer3. After preliminary tests five markers were chosen, three wild boar specific, one Mangalica specific and one Duroc specific one. Fluorescently labelled primers were used to make the valuation easier and more accurate with capillary electrophoresis instead of gel-electrophoresis. The markers were optimised individually and in multiplex conditions and tested in samples of 11 breeds. In conclusion, a new, faster and cheaper set was developed to separate the wild boars from the hybrids and domestic breeds. Based on the preliminary testing on wild boars, duroc and mangalica breeds zero samples resulted false negative, so it is 100% accurate. In addition, it is a much more cost- and time-effective way than testing every single sample with STR sets.

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