scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Robinson H. Mdegela ◽  
Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽  
Bachana Rubegwa ◽  
Daniel T. Gebeyehu ◽  
Solange Niyigena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Food Animals

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. The increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education, may be predisposed to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. This study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles and governance of antimicrobials, establish the pattern and extent of their use, evaluate the antimicrobial residues and resistance in the food animals and crop agriculture value chains, and relate these findings to existing strategies in place for combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Tanzania. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported, especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An increase in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. The pathogens isolated in animals were resistant to ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An increased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crop production were observed. A One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include (a) legislation review and implementation; (b) antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR and antimicrobial residue (AR) awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain; (c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR; (d) enhanced development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and the promotion of biosecurity principles; and (e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robinson H. Mdegela ◽  
Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽  
Bachana Rubegwa ◽  
Daniel T. Gebeyehu ◽  
Solange Niyigena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. Increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education may predispose to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An in-crease in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. Specific antimicrobials resistant to were ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An in-creased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, anaphylaxis and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crops production were observed. One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat AMR in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include a) legislation review and implementation, b) AMU, AMR and AR awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain, c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR, d) enhance development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and promotion biosecurity principles and e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Retail Chicken

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1879-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHALID IBRAHIM SALLAM ◽  
SAMIR MOHAMMED ABD-ELGHANY ◽  
MOHAMED ELHADIDY ◽  
TOMOHIRO TAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

The emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food-producing animals is of increasing interest, raising questions about the presence of MRSA in food of animal origin and potential sources of transmission to humans via the food chain. In this study, the prevalence, molecular characterization, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of MRSA isolates from 200 retail raw chicken samples in Egypt were determined. MRSA was detected by positive amplification of the mecA gene in 38% (76 of 200) of chicken samples analyzed. This represents a potential public health threat in Egypt, as this contamination rate seems to be the highest among other studies reported worldwide. Furthermore, genes encoding α-hemolysin (hla) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, and sec) were detected in all of the 288 MRSA isolates. Nonetheless, none of the strains tested carried tst, the gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. Antimicrobial resistance of MRSA isolates was most frequently detected against penicillin (93.4%), ampicillin (88.9%), and cloxacillin (83.3%). These results suggest that retail chicken might be a significant potential source for transmission of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic S. aureus in Egypt. This underlines the need for stricter hygienic measures in chicken production in Egypt to minimize the risk of transmission of these strains to consumers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the isolation and molecular characterization of MRSA in retail chicken samples in Egypt.

scholarly journals Occurrence, characterization, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in meat, meat products, and some seafood from Libyan retail markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hesham T. Naas ◽  
Ramadan A. Edarhoby ◽  
Aboubaker M. Garbaj ◽  
Salah M. Azwai ◽  
Said K. Abolghait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Retail Markets ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

Aim: The aim of the current investigation was to screen the presence of Staphylococci spp., especially S. aureus in meat, meat products of different animal species, and some seafood sold in some retail markets in Libya using cultural and molecular techniques, and to study their antibiotics resistance profiles. Materials and Methods: A total of 139 samples from red meat, meat products, and seafood were collected from many areas in Libya. Enumeration and isolation of Staphylococci spp. and S. aureus by normal cultural methods followed by molecular identification using molecular techniques by bacterial DNA extraction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Results: Out of 139 samples, 112 (80.6%) were contaminated with different species of Staphylococci based on cultural characteristics of Staphylococci on Baird-Parker medium, for which S. aureus was detected in only 32 samples (23%). However, only six out of 18 (33.3%) isolates sent for sequencing were confirmed to be S. aureus using the molecular technique. The six identified isolates of S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial resistance against 24 most commonly used antibiotics. All isolates were resistant to only two antibiotics (cefotaxime and clindamycin). Among these six isolates, only one confirmed to be Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that food of animal origin could be a source of S. aureus with antimicrobial resistance characteristics that can be spread through the food chain, and raise the importance of these results for public health.

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains from food of animal origin in southern Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolande T. R. Proroga ◽  
Federico Capuano ◽  
Maria Rosaria Carullo ◽  
Immacolata La Tela ◽  
Rosanna Capparelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

Characterization of Borderline Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food of Animal Origin

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1325-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAROSŁAW BYSTROŃ ◽  
MAGDALENA PODKOWIK ◽  
KAMILA KORZEKWA ◽  
ELŻBIETA LIS ◽  
JERZY MOLENDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Type I ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Resistant Strains

In this study, the molecular characteristics of food-derived oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were determined. Eight borderline oxacillin-resistant strains with MICs of 2 to 4 μg/ml were identified from 132 S. aureus isolates of food origin. One of the two isolates with a MIC of 4 μg/ml was methicillin-resistant determinant (mecA) gene positive, and the other six with MICs of 2 μg/ml were mecA negative. The mecA-positive isolate was classified as sequence type (ST)228, staphylococcal protein A (spa) type t041, and carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I element. Two borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were classified as spa t008 and ST8, and the remaining five as spa t164 and ST20. The mecA-positive strain and four borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were found enterotoxigenic. The enterotoxin genes detected in these strains included selp, egc1, and sed-sej-selr. The borderline-resistant S. aureus isolates from a manually handled product, i.e., minced pork, were shown genetically related to strains associated with human infections. This suggests that humans can be considered as a source of contamination of this food with oxacillin-resistant S. aureus strains. The genotypes of the investigated milk borderline-resistant isolates were shown to occur not only in cows, but also in humans. Since manual handling is reduced in raw milk production, a human origin of S. aureus seems unlikely. Because knowledge of the genotypes of animal staphylococci is limited, more research is needed to address the question of the origin of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains in food.

Dealing with antimicrobial resistance – the Danish experience

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bager ◽  
F. M. Aarestrup ◽  
H. C. Wegener
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Steering Committee ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Clonal Spread ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Following the discovery in 1994 and 1995 that use of the glycopeptide antimicrobial avoparcin for growth promotion was associated with the occurrence of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium in food animals and in food, the Danish Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries banned the use of avoparcin in May 1995. The ban was later extended by the European Commission to include all EU member states. In May 1999, the EU Scientific Steering Committee recommended that use for growth promotion of antimicrobials, which are or may be used in human or veterinary medicine should be phased out as soon as possible and ultimately abolished. During the first half of the 1990s the consumption of tetracyclines, mainly in pig production, increased markedly. This was countered by severely reducing through legal means the financial enticement for veterinarians to prescribe medicines and by restricting the availability of tetracycline as non-registered speciality products. The focus on consumption of antimicrobials and on resistance prompted a number of initiatives by Danish authorities to limit the increase in antimicrobial resistance. One such initiative was the implementation of an integrated programme (DANMAP), which monitors resistance among bacteria from food animals, food and humans. A programme to monitor all use of prescription medicine in food animals at the herd level is presently being implemented. Another initiative was the elaboration of a series of practical recommendations to veterinarians on the prudent use of antimicrobials in order to reduce the development of resistance without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Our experience with avoparcin shows that a restrictive policy on the use of antimicrobials can curb the development of resistance. However, the occurrence and persistence of specific resistance phenotypes is the end-result of complex interactions of, among others, antimicrobial co-selection, clonal spread of resistant strains and various herd management factors. Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, Denmark, avoparcin, tetracycline

Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Irish Domestic Refrigerators Possess Novel Enterotoxin and Enterotoxin-like Genes and Are Clonal in Nature

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVIDA S. SMYTH ◽  
JEAN KENNEDY ◽  
JANE TWOHIG ◽  
HELEN MIAJLOVIĆ ◽  
DECLAN BOLTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Potential Reservoir

A previous study carried out by the National Food Centre in Dublin on bacterial contamination of Irish domestic refrigeration systems revealed that 41% were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred fifty-seven S. aureus isolates were screened by multiplex PCR analysis for the presence of 15 staphylococcal enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes (seasee, seg-sei, selj-selo, and selq) and the toxic shock toxin superantigen tst gene. Of the refrigerator isolates, 64.3% possessed more than one staphylococcal enterotoxin or staphylococcal enterotoxin–like gene. All bar one of the 101 staphylococcal enterotoxin or staphylococcal enterotoxin–like gene-positive strains possessed the egc locus bearing the seg, sei, selm, seln, and selo genes. Twelve random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) types accounted for 119 (75.8%) of the strains, two of these types accounting for 25 (RAPD type 1, 15.9%) and 52 (RAPD type 5, 33.1%), respectively. All of the RAPD type 5 isolates possessed the egc gene cluster only. The RAPD type 5 amplicon profile was identical to that of S. aureus isolates associated with osteomyelitis in broiler chickens in Northern Ireland that also possessed the egc locus only. However, the RAPD type 5 domestic refrigerator and chicken isolates differed in penicillin G sensitivity, production of Protein A and staphylokinase, and crystal violet agar growth type. These findings highlight that the average Irish household refrigerator harbors potential enterotoxin-producing S. aureus that may or may not be of animal origin and, accordingly, is a potential reservoir for staphylococcal food poisoning.

scholarly journals Partial Sequencing of IS1216V Transposase Gene of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Food Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Ibtesam G. Auda
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Insertion Sequence ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Local Foods ◽  
Transposase Gene ◽  
High Identity ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Total Food

Background:  Insertion sequence is a short DNA sequence encode for proteins implicated in the transposition activity. Transposase  catalyzes the enzymatic reaction allowing the insertion sequence  to +9*lo2 move. ;qqa;. Objective: To study the sequencing of transposase gene, tnp, IS1216V of S. aureus isolated from food and then compared with that documented in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Methods: Food samples of animal and plant origin were collected, and screened for presence of S. aureus, IS1216V was identified in the Tn1546-like elements in the genomes of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Results: About 75% of total food samples were positive to S. aureus especially in the food of animal origin. tnp amplification showed that, 85% of isolates gave positive result.   Sequencing of amplified part of  IS1216V tnp of S. aureus isolates showed that,  tnp gene had high identity (78-79%) with the reference strains of NCBI. Conclusion: High percentage of  local food samples were contaminated with S. aureus especially of animal origin. Most of the S. aureus isolates showed the presence of transposase gene (tnp) of IS1216V. Sequencing showed some dissimilarity between the sequence of transposase gene (tnp) of IS1216V  S. aureus isolated from local foods and strains  recorded in database of  NCBI.

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