Efficient Mercury Removal at Ultralow Metal Concentrations by Cysteine Functionalized Carbon-Coated Magnetite

This work reports the preparation and utility of cysteine-functionalized carbon-coated Fe3O4 materials (Cys-C@Fe3O4) as efficient sorbents for remediation of Hg(II)-contaminated water. Efficient removal (90%) of Hg(II) from 1000 ppb aqueous solutions is possible, at very low Cys-C@Fe3O4 sorbent loadings (0.01 g sorbent per liter of Hg(II) solution). At low metal concentrations (5–100 ppb Hg(II)), where adsorption is typically slow, Hg(II) removal efficiencies of 94–99.4% were achievable, resulting in final Hg(II) levels of <1.0 ppb. From adsorption isotherms, the Hg(II) adsorption capacity for Cys-C@Fe3O4 is 94.33 mg g−1, around three times that of carbon-coated Fe3O4 material. The highest partition coefficient (PC) of 2312.5 mgg−1µM−1 was achieved at the initial Hg (II) concentration of 100 ppb, while significantly high PC values of 300 mgg−1µM−1 and above were also obtained in the ultralow concentration range (≤20 ppb). Cys-C@Fe3O4 exhibits excellent selectivity for Hg(II) when tested in the presence of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions, is easily separable from aqueous media by application of an external magnet, and can be regenerated for three subsequent uses without compromising Hg(II) uptake. Derived from commercially available raw materials, it is highly possible to achieve large-scale production of the functional sorbent for practical applications.

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An Improved And Suitable Method For Large Scale Produdcion Of Α-Monochlorocyclodecanone

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178618666210217121023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Wenhua Ou ◽

Ruolin Wang ◽

Ruonan Liu ◽

Hong Huang

Keyword(s):

Silica Gel ◽

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Separation Method ◽

Suitable Method ◽

Scale Production ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Ideal Approach

: α-Monochlorocyclododecanone was synthesized from cyclododecane and 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH) catalyzed with silica gel in MeOH. The product was obtained by crystallization with nearly 85% yield. The presented method used cheap raw materials, mild reaction conditions, simple separation method and environment-friendly process. Additionally, the current synthesis provided an ideal approach for large-scale production.

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Strength and Impotence. The Developing Countries and the Development in New Territories

Cooperation and Conflict ◽

10.1177/001083677400900209 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 9 (2-3) ◽

pp. 167-177

Author(s):

Willy Østreng

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Scale Production ◽

Underdeveloped Countries ◽

The North ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

The Developed Countries ◽

The Third World

This article examines the possible political and economic effects of large-scale mineral extraction from the seabed. The findings presented indicate that development in new territories may conceivably serve to exacerbate existing conflict dimensions, notably the North/South dimension in global politics. Because of the developed countries' monopoly on know-how and economic capability, exploration and exploitation of the inorganic resources of the ocean floor has de facto been the exclusive domain of these countries. On the basis of this the author shows that if large-scale production of seabed resources should become a reality in the near future, the underdeveloped countries will be forced to watch it from the sidelines. As a consequence, the exploitation of offshore raw materials will probably contribute to the further widening of the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries. Further commenting on the fact that the latter today are the main producers of the most promising seabed resources, the author expresses the view that exploitation will have a detrimental effect on the economics of the Third World countries, since it might lead to overproduction and price reductions.

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A Green Approach for Highly Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Supercritical Fluid

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.1013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1004-1005 ◽

pp. 1013-1016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chang Yi Kong ◽

Yuuki Shiratori ◽

Takeshi Sako ◽

Futoshi Iwata

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Graphene Oxides ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Green Approach ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Reduced Graphene

A green method to synthesize the reduced graphene oxide using supercritical fluid has been developed, which is an environmentally friendly and efficient route. The reduced graphene oxide has been examined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy. We have also studied the effects of reduction temperatures and supercritical fluids on the electrical properties of reduced graphene oxide. It was found that ethanol has higher reducing capability than CO2at all temperatures (200 - 400°C) examined in this study for graphene oxide reduction. As a result, reduced graphene oxide (6300 S/m) from supercritical ethanol treatment has 5 times as high conductivity as that from supercritical CO2treatment at the reduction temperature of 400°C. This green process is applicable for large scale production of reduced graphene oxides for various practical applications.

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The Origin of Puuc Slate Ware: New Data from Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico

Ancient Mesoamerica ◽

10.1017/s0956536100002133 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 119-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael P. Smyth ◽

Christopher D. Dore ◽

Hector Neff ◽

Michael D. Glascock

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Classic Period ◽

Scale Production ◽

Local Production ◽

Comprehensive Investigation ◽

Terminal Classic ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Major Producer

AbstractThis paper reports results of the first neutron-activation analysis (NAA) of ancient pottery wares and clays from the Puuc region of Yucatan. Based on ceramics from Sayil, this investigation seeks to expand exploration into the nature of commercialization during the Terminal Classic period (A.D. 800–1000). This research sought to: (a) establish the chemical composition of major Puuc wares, (b) begin to define potential raw materials and production loci at Sayil, and (c) explore the question of whether Sayil was a major producer and exporter of ceramic wares. Compositional analysis reveals that three of the four major Puuc wares (Puuc Slate, Puuc Unslipped, and Puuc Red) exhibit some degree of chemical distinctiveness, suggesting discrete production units. Compositional analysis of clays from Sayil and Loltun Cave indicates that Puuc Slate and Puuc Red Ware are compatible with clays locally available at Sayil, supporting local production of these wares, whereas Puuc Unslipped Ware initially appears to be closer compositionally to clays from Loltun. In addition, Puuc Slate is an important ware found throughout northern Yucatan that shows evidence of large-scale production at Sayil. This analysis represents the first steps of a comprehensive investigation into the Maya economy of Terminal Classic Yucatan.

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Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry ◽

10.2533/chimia.2021.752 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 752-756

Author(s):

Jakob J. Mueller ◽

Hans H. Wenk

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biological Molecules ◽

Raw Material ◽

Scale Production ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Natural Substances ◽

Head Groups ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

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An Overview of the Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Suspended Particles

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11010060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Muhammad Amtiaz Nadeem ◽

Mohd Adnan Khan ◽

Ahmed Abdeslam Ziani ◽

Hicham Idriss

Keyword(s):

Water Splitting ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Synthetic Methods ◽

Scale Production ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Co Catalysts ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

Order Of Magnitude

The conversion of solar to chemical energy is one of the central processes considered in the emerging renewable energy economy. Hydrogen production from water splitting over particulate semiconductor catalysts has often been proposed as a simple and a cost-effective method for large-scale production. In this review, we summarize the basic concepts of the overall water splitting (in the absence of sacrificial agents) using particulate photocatalysts, with a focus on their synthetic methods and the role of the so-called “co-catalysts”. Then, a focus is then given on improving light absorption in which the Z-scheme concept and the overall system efficiency are discussed. A section on reactor design and cost of the overall technology is given, where the possibility of the different technologies to be deployed at a commercial scale and the considerable challenges ahead are discussed. To date, the highest reported efficiency of any of these systems is at least one order of magnitude lower than that deserving consideration for practical applications.

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Challenges in Enzymatic Route of Mannitol Production

ISRN Biotechnology ◽

10.5402/2013/914187 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sheelendra Mangal Bhatt ◽

Anand Mohan ◽

Suresh Kumar Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Product Formation ◽

Product Inhibition ◽

Scale Production ◽

Food Sector ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Mannitol Production ◽

Enzymatic Route ◽

Industrial Level

Mannitol is an important biochemical often used as medicine and in food sector, yet its biotechnological is not preffered in Industry for large scale production, which may be due to the multistep mechanism involved in hydrogenation and reduction. This paper is a comparative preview covering present chemical and biotechnological approaches existing today for mannitol production at industrial scale. Biotechnological routes are suitable for adaptation at industrial level for mannitol production, and whatever concerns are there had been discussed in detail, namely, raw materials, broad range of enzymes with high activity at elevated temperature suitable for use in reactor, cofactor limitation, reduced by-product formation, end product inhibition, and reduced utilization of mannitol for enhancing the yield with maximum volumetric productivity.

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Polyester Polymeric Nanoparticles as Platforms in the Development of Novel Nanomedicines for Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13143387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3387

Author(s):

Enrique Niza ◽

Alberto Ocaña ◽

José Antonio Castro-Osma ◽

Iván Bravo ◽

Carlos Alonso-Moreno

Keyword(s):

Cancer Treatment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Scale Production ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticle ◽

Clinical Investigations ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Materials Used ◽

The Many

Many therapeutic agents have failed in their clinical development, due to the toxic effects associated with non-transformed tissues. In this context, nanotechnology has been exploited to overcome such limitations, and also improve navigation across biological barriers. Amongst the many materials used in nanomedicine, with promising properties as therapeutic carriers, the following one stands out: biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Polymeric nanoparticles are ideal candidates for drug delivery, given the versatility of raw materials and their feasibility in large-scale production. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles show great potential for easy surface modifications to optimize pharmacokinetics, including the half-life in circulation and targeted tissue delivery. Herein, we provide an overview of the current applications of polymeric nanoparticles as platforms in the development of novel nanomedicines for cancer treatment. In particular, we will focus on the raw materials that are widely used for polymeric nanoparticle generation, current methods for formulation, mechanism of action, and clinical investigations.

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