scholarly journals Effect of Temperature Changes on the Vibration Transmissibility of XPE and PE Packaging Cushioning Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Péter Csavajda ◽  
Péter Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Vibration Stress ◽  
Vibration Transmissibility ◽  
Characterization Of Properties ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Protective Packaging

Polyethylene (PE) and its variations are among the most traditional materials used for cushioning in packaging systems. The role of these materials is to prevent damages during handling and distribution processes from physical events such as vibration stress. This study presents new results on the characterization of properties of PE and XPE (cross-linked polyethylene) packaging materials, which have significant relevance as a protective mechanism due to their vibration transmissibility and frequency curve properties. The main goal of this study is the evaluation of vibration transmissibility of PE and XPE cushion material at varied real temperature and static load conditions through a series of experiments using a vibration tester and climate chamber to determine the peak frequencies, vibration transmissibility, and damping ratios. The results can be used by engineers in the package-design process, and can be useful in different distribution conditions. Three different kinds of static loads and a 0.5 oct/min sine sweep of vibration test were used to find the peak frequencies and vibration transmissibility at −20 °C, 0 °C, 20 °C and 40 °C to estimate the damping ratios. The results provided a better understanding of the materials and can assist in the design of suitable protective packaging systems.

scholarly journals Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics and Vibration Transmissibility of X-PLY Corrugated Paperboard

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Guo ◽  
Wencai Xu ◽  
Yungang Fu ◽  
Hongtao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Least Mean Square ◽  
Vibration Transmissibility ◽  
Characterization Of Properties ◽  
New Type ◽  
Vibration Tests ◽  
Vibration Damage ◽  
Protective Packaging ◽  
Frequency Curves

X-PLY corrugated paperboard is a new-type corrugated paperboard with three layers of orthotropic corrugated sandwiches structure, and may be employed to protect products from shock or vibration damage during distribution. This article deals with the characterization of properties of X-PLY corrugated paperboard relevant to its application for protective packaging in distribution, such as dynamic cushioning curves, vibration transmissibility and frequency curves. The main feature of article is the evaluation on the dynamic shock cushioning characteristics and vibration transmissibility of X-PLY corrugated paperboards by a series of experimental studies on the drop shock tester and vibration tester, the establishment of experimental formulas of dynamic cushioning curves, and the analysis of peak frequencies, vibration transmissibility and damping ratios. By using the fitting polynomial of curve and method of the least mean square, the experimental formulas and characteristic coefficients of dynamic cushioning curves have been obtained. From the vibration tests with slow sine sweep, the peak frequencies and vibration transmissibility are measured and used to estimate the damping ratios. These works provide basic data and curves relevant to its application for protective packaging in distribution.

scholarly journals Shock Absorbing Characteristics and Vibration Transmissibility of Honeycomb Paperboard

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 521-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Guo ◽  
Jinghui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Honeycomb Sandwich ◽  
Vibration Transmissibility ◽  
Characterization Of Properties ◽  
Vibration Tests ◽  
Vibration Damage ◽  
Honeycomb Sandwich Structure ◽  
Protective Packaging ◽  
Different Thickness

Honeycomb paperboard is a kind of environmental-friendly package cushioning material with honeycomb sandwich structure, and may be employed to protect products from shock or vibration damage during distribution. This paper deals with the characterization of properties of honeycomb paperboard relevant to its application for protective packaging in transportation, such as dynamic cushion curves and vibration transmissibility. The main feature of the paper is the evaluation on the shock absorbing characteristics and vibration transmissibility of honeycomb paperboards with different thickness by a series of experimental studies on the drop shock machine and vibration table. By using the fitting polynomial of the curve, the experiential formulas and characteristic coefficients of dynamic cushion curves of honeycomb paperboards with different thickness have been obtained. From the vibration tests with slow sine sweep, the peak frequencies and vibration transmissibility are measured and used to estimate the damping ratios. All the works provide basic data and curves relevant to its application for protective packaging in transportation.

Rolling Resistance Calculation Procedure Using the Finite Element Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-248
Author(s):  
Pablo N. Zitelli ◽  
Gabriel N. Curtosi ◽  
Jorge Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Element Model ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Account Temperature

ABSTRACT Tire engineers are interested in predicting rolling resistance using tools such as numerical simulation and tests. When a car is driven along, its tires are subjected to repeated deformation, leading to energy dissipation as heat. Each point of a loaded tire is deformed as the tire completes a revolution. Most energy dissipation comes from the cyclic loading of the tire, which causes the rolling resistance in addition to the friction force in the contact patch between the tire and road. Rolling resistance mainly depends on the dissipation of viscoelastic energy of the rubber materials used to manufacture the tires. To obtain a good rolling resistance, the calculation method of the tire finite element model must take into account temperature changes. It is mandatory to calibrate all of the rubber compounds of the tire at different temperatures and strain frequencies. Linear viscoelasticity is used to model the materials properties and is found to be a suitable approach to tackle energy dissipation due to hysteresis for rolling resistance calculation.

Consideration of the temperature factor of atmospheric air when determining standard consumption of fuel and energy resources for train traction

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
K. M. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Specific Consumption ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Coefficient ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Specific Flow ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Physical Laws

Abstract. Influence of air temperature on the consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) on train traction is due to a number of physical laws. The extent of this effect is specified in the Rules for Traction Settlement (RTS). At the same time, when rationing FER consumption for train traction, a specialized methodical base is used, which involves a different approach to accounting for the effect of temperature on FER consumption for train traction. At the same time in different documents of this base, the effects of low temperature on the absolute and specific consumption of fuel and energy resources on train traction are taken into account in a different way, which is due to the lack of consensus among specialists on the way this factor is taken into account. Specialists of JSC “VNIIZhT” carried out an analysis of a significant amount of driver’s routes data, results of which showed that the dependence of the specific flow rate on temperature, on the basis of which the corresponding influence coefficient is determined, needs to be periodically updated. In addition, when technically standardizing the consumption of fuel and energy resources (for the locomotive crew work site), the temperature effect coefficients need to be calculated for a specific work area and direction of motion on it, while using the average network coefficient values will lead to errors. When calculating additional flow of fuel and energy from the effect of temperature for electric multiple units (EMU), the equations of regression dependencies should be used, obtained by statistical processing of data on temperature changes and specific consumption of fuel and energy resources for EMU and determined for each series of EMU when working on a particular suburban area.

Flow Behaviors of High Acyl Gellan Aqueous Solutions as Affected by Temperature, and Calcium and Gellan Concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Huang ◽  
Pawan Singh Takhar ◽  
Juming Tang ◽  
Barry G Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Rheological Behaviors ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Rheological behaviors of high acyl (HA) gellan are not well understood partially because of its relatively late commercialization compared to low acyl gellan. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature (5-30 °C), calcium (0, 1 and 10 mM) and gellan concentrations (0.0044-0.1000% w/v) on the flow behaviors of high acyl gellan aqueous solutions using rheological tests. Gellan solutions with 0 or 1 mM added Ca++ exhibited shear thinning behavior at gellan concentrations above 0.0125%. The influence of temperature on apparent viscosity (shear rate, 100 s-1) of gellan solutions can be described with an Arrhenius relationship. The apparent viscosity of gellan solution at low concentrations was more sensitive to temperature changes. The addition of Ca++ led to a decrease in flow resistance for a dilute gellan solution (<0.0125%), but an increased resistance for a relatively concentrated gellan solution (>0.0125%).

The Effect of Temperature Changes on Masonry

1908 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-409
Author(s):  
Charles S. Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes

Closure to Effect of Temperature Changes on Masonry

1908 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Charles S. Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes

scholarly journals Experimental study on vibration transmissibility of Pre-loaded XPE and PE packaging cushioning material

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 962-968
Author(s):  
Péter Csavajda ◽  
Péter Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Static Load ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Packaging System ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Resonance Frequencies ◽  
Vibration Transmissibility ◽  
Protective Packaging ◽  
Load Conditions ◽  
Cushioning Material

Most of the shipped products are sensitive against shock and vibration events during the distribution. Various cushioning materials are usually used to prevent the product damages. During the design process the protective packaging system is developed by the engineers based on the cushion and vibration transmissibility features (ie. cushion curve) of the material used. However, after the assembly of the packaged-product, these are stored for various long periods in warehouse. During this time the products pre-load the cushioning material and its parameters can be changed. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the vibration transmissibility of PE and XPE cushioning material at varied storage (pre-loaded) time and static load conditions. Four different kinds of duration (1 hour, 10 hours, 100 hours and 1000 hours) were used for the pre-loading period at three different static loads (3.488 kPa, 4.651 kPa, and 6.976 kPa), and then at 0.5 oct/min sine sweep vibration the peak frequencies of response and vibration transmissibility, and damping ratio were determined. The results show that the effect of pre-loading is minimal by PE material, but can influence the resonance frequencies by XPE cushioning material. The findings of this study help the packaging engineers to understand better the mechanism of these cushioning materials and to design suitable protective packaging systems.

The Effect of Temperature Changes on the Expansion of Individual Leaves of Vicia faba L

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. AULD ◽  
M. D. DENNETT ◽  
J. ELSTON
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Vicia Faba L

Temperature distribution in different bridges types based on data from SHM systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Biliszczuk ◽  
Maciej Hildebrand ◽  
Marco Teichgraeber ◽  
Hanna Onysyk
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Cable Stayed Bridge ◽  
Stay Cables ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
Temperature Impact ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Long Term Observation

<p>Monitoring systems have given the possibility of varied and long-term observation of bridge structures. The paper prestents the analysis of temperature impact on various bridge elements. The data comes from three different large bridges in Poland, equipped with extensive monitoring systems, namely from an arch bridge in Puławy (built in 2008), cable-stayed bridge in Płock (built in 2005) and the cable-stayed bridge in Wrocław (built in 2011). After few years of observation an enormous and valuable database of measured parameters was stored. The analysis shows how temperature changes between individual bridge components (e.g. between decks, pylon and stay cables) affect the structure mechanical behaviour and whether the influence fulfil the standards’ recommendations. Due to various static schemes and materials used in the described bridges, individual and non-typical impact of thermal loads is expected.</p>

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