scholarly journals A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 670
Author(s):  
Domenico Curto ◽  
Vincenzo Franzitta ◽  
Andrea Guercio
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy And Exergy Analysis ◽  
Seawater Treatment

Desalination is commonly adopted nowadays to overcome the freshwater scarcity in some areas of the world if brackish water or salt water is available. Different kinds of technologies have been proposed in the last century. In this paper, the state of the mainstream solutions is reported, showing the current commercial technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), Multi-Stages Flash desalination (MSF) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED), and the new frontiers of the research with the aim of exploiting renewable sources such as wind, solar and biomass energy. In these cases, seawater treatment plants are the same as traditional ones, with the only difference being that they use a renewable energy source. Thus, classifications are firstly introduced, considering the working principles, the main energy input required for the treatment, and the potential for coupling with renewable energy sources. Each technology is described in detail, showing how the process works and reporting some data on the state of development. Finally, a statistical analysis is given concerning the spread of the various technologies across the world and which of them are most exploited. In this section, an important energy and exergy analysis is also addressed to quantify energy losses.

scholarly journals Strategic Aspects of Economic and Energy Policy of Ukraine in the Context of Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (516) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
O. V. Klymchuk ◽  
◽  
S. V. Kozlovskyi ◽  
R. V. Lavrov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Policy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The World

The article is aimed at developing strategic directions and introducing regulatory measures for the formation of Ukraine’s energy policy on the principles of energy saving and the development of renewable energy industry. On the basis of scientific works, the main organizational-economic vectors of energy industry sector development are systematized, which are associated with the formation of a favorable socio-political climate regarding the priority of using renewable energy sources in the fuel and energy complex; development of effective methods of both the State-based and the market-based regulation by the world community; coordination of the strategy of sustainable development of the world economy. It is determined that the energy saving policy should be based on a flexible combination of the State-based regulation and the market environment for the formation of the most acceptable stimulation mechanisms in the specific economic and political situations, which allows for the greatest economic benefit. It has been found out that the implementation of energy saving processes is impossible without the mass use of renewable energy carriers, which are a universal resource for processing to the right types of energy, are marked by energy independence related to obtaining economic benefits and contribute to the creation of an ecological friendly environment. In the perspective, the energy saving processes, the transition of the national economy to wide implementation in the production of high-tech technologies and the use of renewable energy sources should become the determining factors of Ukraine’s energy strategy.

Water Desalination Using Solar Energy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1116 ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Antar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Distillation System ◽  
The World ◽  
Output Ratio

Water desalination is receiving increasing attention due to water scarcity in many places in the world. Although two third of the earth is covered with water, most of this water is salty (97.5%) and therefore not suitable for human, animal or plant needs. Furthermore, most of the fresh water available throughout the work is not accessible such as icebergs and some deep ground water. Water uneven distribution throughout the world creates another problem of water scarcities in arid places. Africa and Middle East are having the smallest share of natural, pure water resources. Fortunately, these areas of arid climate and low fresh water are rich in the most significant renewable energy source, solar energy. In this chapter, the potential of the utilization of renewable energy sources is discussed. Several desalination techniques that can be powered by renewable energy are discussed. Those techniques include the non-conventional ones such as the solar stills, humidification dehumidification desalination and membrane distillation. What is common within all of these techniques is the relatively low temperatures needed to operate the plants (around 80 °C) that can be afforded easily using solar collectors for heating water (and sometimes air). Several layouts of humidification dehumidification systems and membrane distillation system are also discussed in details taking into consideration the improvement of performance due to energy recovery systems and the recent trends of such technologies. Although the solar energy is basically free source of energy, how good this energy is utilized in operating the desalination systems is considered in the gain output ratio (GOR) that allows for comparison of different systems comparison and shows the room for improvement.

scholarly journals ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SUGARCANE INDUSTRY USING FREE SIMULATOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
A. L. Vieira ◽  
L. F. Lima ◽  
W. A. S. Conceição ◽  
C. M. G. Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Free Software ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Energy And Exergy ◽  
Energy And Exergy Analysis ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

Due to environmental and economic problems, we need to seek and investigate renewable energy sources. Worldwide, we have a predominant use of energy derived from fossil fuels. In Brazil, much of the energy comes from hydroelectricity. However, it is known that to be dependent predominantly from a main source, could cause logistical problems. A solution to this situation, in Brazil, are sugarcane plants. These plants are normally self-sufficient in terms of energy, but they can still have their energetic and exegetics efficiencies increased. This paper intends to present by simulation (using free software, COCO) that if all machines in the process, steam-powered, were replaced by machines powered by electricity, the yield should increase. We also show that if we replace the turbines by other, working in higher pressures, the energy will have an even greater increase.

scholarly journals Rimak International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
Suheir Ibrahim HACHIM ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Productivity Change ◽  
World Population ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
The World

A progression of different variables, for example, constraint of fossil fuel assets, negative effects on environment. Fossil directly or indirectly costs energies, political question and their consequences for providing feasible energy are among the reasons which have made numerous government officials, energy and environment specialists move toward the advancement of a cutting edge structure. This is to secure supply of energy, environment assurance and productivity change of energy frameworks. In addition, environmental degradation and the unsustainability of the use of natural resources will lead to increased difficulties for governments and the international community in addressing development challenges, and because the world population is expected to reach (9.7) billion people by the year 2050, in the midst of a situation that is also diminishing. Sources of energy, water and food in the world. Subsequently, most nations have started to understand that the requirement for manageability in energy creation and utilization is altogether crucial. Thusly, following the advance of manageability is basic. with the increasing global awareness of environmental issues, and the realization Everyone that it is necessary to preserve the planet and to take into account the environmental aspects in the use of conventional energy of all kinds, such as natural gas, coal or petroleum, as it is the main cause of pollution of the elements of the environment, as well as classifying traditional energy among the depleted resources that cannot be compensated. Therefore, many countries have paid attention to providing an alternative component of energy, which is renewable energy, which varies to different sources, from solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, and other renewable energy sources, and the extent of its contribution to supplying the world with alternative energy and its ability to continue to flow, And also the extent of its potential in achieving sustainable development, achieving prosperity in society, and the future of the world. The point of this paper is to introduce an arrangement of markers for internationally, in view of the Helio International Sustainable Energy Watch (SEW) markers, that demonstrates to track advance toward maintainability in the energy area.. The goal of present work is to highlight key difficulties about the improvement of renewable energy and strategy system prer

scholarly journals CURRENT STATE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Vadym Paziuk ◽  
Oleksii Tokarchuk ◽  
Dina Tokarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The World

Energy resources are of great importance for human life. Today, the intensive spread of renewable energy sources (RES) in the world is the result of complex political, social, economic and natural resources that have been developing over the past 40-50 years. These processes are associated with different levels and dynamics of economic development of states, an increase in energy consumption, an uneven distribution of natural resources, an increase in the world's population and climatic changes. The energy-saving way of economic development presupposes a significant reduction per unit of product consumption of fuel, electricity and heat at the final stage of their consumption; improvement of production, transportation, transformation and storage of energy resources; improving the structure of the energy balance in the direction of replacing scarce and expensive energy resources in it with cheap and affordable renewable energy sources. The growth of production and consumption is inextricably linked with the development of society, throughout its development it is fighting to increase its energy balance. The struggle for energy, for its source, for the discovery of new ways of transforming and using it is going on continuously and at an ever-increasing pace. The development of renewable energy sources in the world is associated with limited energy resources. From renewable energy sources, the use of solar energy, wind energy, water energy, environmental energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy has been obtained. Most of all in Ukraine, biomass energy is used to obtain thermal energy. Also, the use of environmental energy has been developed due to the introduction of heat pumps in heating systems of buildings, in the technological processes of drying and cooling.

Power Projects and Covid-19: A Practical Analysis of the Relevance of Force Majeure Clauses under the Standardised Power Purchase and Implementation Agreements of Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Aisha Naiga ◽  
Loyola Rwabose Karobwa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Practical Analysis ◽  
Energy Justice

Over 90% of Uganda's power is generated from renewable sources. Standardised Implementation Agreements and Power Purchase Agreements create a long-term relationship between Generating Companies and the state-owned off-taker guaranteed by Government. The COVID-19 pandemic and measures to curb the spread of the virus have triggered the scrutiny and application of force majeure (FM) clauses in these agreements. This article reviews the FM clauses and considers their relevance. The authors submit that FM clauses are a useful commercial tool for achieving energy justice by ensuring the continuity of the project, despite the dire effects of the pandemic. Proposals are made for practical considerations for a post-COVID-19 future which provides the continued pursuit of policy goals of promoting renewable energy sources and increasing access to clean energy, thus accelerating just energy transitions.

Renewable Energy on Tribal Lands: A Feasibility Study for a Biomass-to-Energy Plant on the Cocopah Reservation in Arizona

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lauren K. D’Souza ◽  
William L. Ascher ◽  
Tanja Srebotnjak
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Plant ◽  
Energy Projects ◽  
Alternative Investment

Native American reservations are among the most economically disadvantaged regions in the United States; lacking access to economic and educational opportunities that are exacerbated by “energy insecurity” due to insufficient connectivity to the electric grid and power outages. Local renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and biomass offer energy alternatives but their implementation encounters barriers such as lack of financing, infrastructure, and expertise, as well as divergent attitudes among tribal leaders. Biomass, in particular, could be a source of stable base-load power that is abundant and scalable in many rural communities. This case study examines the feasibility of a biomass energy plant on the Cocopah reservation in southwestern Arizona. It considers feedstock availability, cost and energy content, technology options, nameplate capacity, discount and interest rates, construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and alternative investment options. This study finds that at current electricity prices and based on typical costs for fuel, O&M over 30 years, none of the tested scenarios is presently cost-effective on a net present value (NPV) basis when compared with an alternative investment yielding annual returns of 3% or higher. The technology most likely to be economically viable and suitable for remote, rural contexts—a combustion stoker—resulted in a levelized costs of energy (LCOE) ranging from US$0.056 to 0.147/kWh. The most favorable scenario is a combustion stoker with an estimated NPV of US$4,791,243. The NPV of the corresponding alternative investment is US$7,123,380. However, if the tribes were able to secure a zero-interest loan to finance the plant’s installation cost, the project would be on par with the alternative investment. Even if this were the case, the scenario still relies on some of the most optimistic assumptions for the biomass-to-power plant and excludes abatement costs for air emissions. The study thus concludes that at present small-scale, biomass-to-energy projects require a mix of favorable market and local conditions as well as appropriate policy support to make biomass energy projects a cost-competitive source of stable, alternative energy for remote rural tribal communities that can provide greater tribal sovereignty and economic opportunities.

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