scholarly journals New Materials and Effects in Molecular Nanomagnets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7510
Author(s):  
Tomasz Blachowicz ◽  
Andrea Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Molecular Magnets ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Molecular Nanomagnets ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
New Research

Molecular magnets are a relatively new class of purely organic or metallo-organic materials, showing magnetism even without an external magnetic field. This interdisciplinary field between chemistry and physics has been gaining increased interest since the 1990s. While bulk molecular magnets are usually hard to build because of their molecular structures, low-dimensional molecular magnets are often easier to construct, down to dot-like (zero-dimensional) structures, which are investigated by different scanning probe technologies. On these scales, new effects such as superparamagnetic behavior or coherent switching during magnetization reversal can be recognized. Here, we give an overview of the recent advances in molecular nanomagnets, starting with single-molecule magnets (0D), typically based on Mn12, Fe8, or Mn4, going further to single-chain magnets (1D) and finally higher-dimensional molecular nanomagnets. This review does not aim to give a comprehensive overview of all research fields dealing with molecular nanomagnets, but instead aims at pointing out diverse possible materials and effects in order to stimulate new research in this broad field of nanomagnetism.

scholarly journals Corporate engagement in humanitarian action

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 201-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Hotho ◽  
Verena Girschik
Keyword(s):  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Positive Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
New Research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to open up new lines of research into the engagement of corporations during humanitarian crises. The paper provides an introduction to core concepts in the delivery of humanitarian assistance, as well as a comprehensive overview of when, why, how, and to what effect corporations engage in humanitarian action. Design/methodology/approach Building on extant literature and policy reports, the paper synthesizes concepts and insights to map the interdisciplinary field of research on corporate engagement in humanitarian action. Findings The paper systematically reviews and describes different dimensions of corporate engagement for delivering humanitarian action and explains key complications that inspire new research questions. In particular, the paper highlights challenges associated with getting corporations to engage in humanitarian action; challenges associated with ensuring effective corporate engagement; and challenges associated with ensuring ethical engagement. Originality/value By raising new questions about corporate engagement in humanitarian action, this paper develops an original and positive research agenda for international business, management research, and related fields.

scholarly journals Evolvement of molecular nanomagnets in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 (2000) ◽  
pp. 20120316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing-Wu Wang ◽  
Xin-Yi Wang ◽  
Hao-Ling Sun ◽  
Shang-Da Jiang ◽  
Song Gao
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Single Molecule Magnet ◽  
Molecular Nanomagnets ◽  
Initial Cluster ◽  
Slow Magnetic Relaxation ◽  
Cluster Type

Molecular nanomagnets have been undergoing development for 20 years since the first single-molecule magnet (SMM), Mn 12 Ac, was characterized as the molecule-behaved magnet. The multi-disciplinary scientists promoted the magnetic characteristics to be more suitable for use in information science and spintronics. The concept of molecular nanomagnets has also evolved to include single-chain magnets (SCMs), single-ion magnets (SIMs) and even magnetic molecules that showed only slow magnetic relaxation, in addition to the initial cluster-type SMMs. In this review, several aspects, including SMMs, SCMs and SIMs, are introduced briefly through some representative examples. In particular, the contribution of Chinese chemists is highlighted in the design, synthesis and understanding of various types of molecular nanomagnets.

scholarly journals Molecular and spectroscopic characterization of green and red cyanine fluorophores from the Alexa Fluor and AF series

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gebhardt ◽  
Martin Lehmann ◽  
Maria M. Reif ◽  
Martin Zacharias ◽  
Thorben Cordes
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Alexa Fluor ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Research Fields

AbstractThe use of fluorescence techniques has had an enormous impact on various research fields including imaging, biochemical assays, DNA-sequencing and medical technologies. This has been facilitated by the availability of numerous commercial dyes, but often information about the chemical structures of dyes (and their linkers) are a well-kept secret. This can lead to problems for applications where a knowledge of the dye structure is necessary to predict (unwanted) dye-target interactions, or to establish structural models of the dye-target complex. Using a combination of spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations, we here investigate the molecular structures and spectroscopic properties of dyes from the Alexa Fluor (Alexa Fluor 555 and 647) and AF series (AF555, AF647, AFD647). Based on available data and published structures of the AF and Cy dyes, we present two possible structures for Alexa Fluor 555. We also resolve conflicting reports on the linker composition of Alexa Fluor 647. A comprehensive comparison between Alexa Fluor and AF dyes by continuous-wave absorption and emission spectroscopy, quantum yield determination, fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy spectroscopy of free and protein-attached dyes, supports the suggestion that the Alexa Fluor and AF dyes have a high degree of structural similarity. In addition, we compared Alexa Fluor 555 and Alexa Fluor 647 to their structural homologs AF555 and AF(D)647 in single-molecule FRET applications. Both pairs showed excellent performance in solution-based smFRET experiments using alternating laser excitation demonstrating that the AF-fluorophores are an attractive alternative to Alexa- and Cy-dyes for smFRET studies, and suggesting their usefulness for other fluorescence applications.

scholarly journals Bone Phenotyping Approaches in Human, Mice and Zebrafish – Expert Overview of the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE (“GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal traits TranslatiOnal NEtwork”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Foessl ◽  
J. H. Duncan Bassett ◽  
Åshild Bjørnerem ◽  
Björn Busse ◽  
Ângelo Calado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cost Action ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Eu

A synoptic overview of scientific methods applied in bone and associated research fields across species has yet to be published. Experts from the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE (“GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal Traits translational Network”) Working Group 2 present an overview of the routine techniques as well as clinical and research approaches employed to characterize bone phenotypes in humans and selected animal models (mice and zebrafish) of health and disease. The goal is consolidation of knowledge and a map for future research. This expert paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art technologies to investigate bone properties in humans and animals – including their strengths and weaknesses. New research methodologies are outlined and future strategies are discussed to combine phenotypic with rapidly developing –omics data in order to advance musculoskeletal research and move towards “personalised medicine”.

Exchange Spin Coupling from Gaussian Process Regression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Philipp Bahlke ◽  
Natnael Mogos ◽  
Jonny Proppe ◽  
Carmen Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Molecular Magnets ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates

Heisenberg exchange spin coupling between metal centers is essential for describing and understanding the electronic structure of many molecular catalysts, metalloenzymes, and molecular magnets for potential application in information technology. We explore the machine-learnability of exchange spin coupling, which has not been studied yet. We employ Gaussian process regression since it can potentially deal with small training sets (as likely associated with the rather complex molecular structures required for exploring spin coupling) and since it provides uncertainty estimates (“error bars”) along with predicted values. We compare a range of descriptors and kernels for 257 small dicopper complexes and find that a simple descriptor based on chemical intuition, consisting only of copper-bridge angles and copper-copper distances, clearly outperforms several more sophisticated descriptors when it comes to extrapolating towards larger experimentally relevant complexes. Exchange spin coupling is similarly easy to learn as the polarizability, while learning dipole moments is much harder. The strength of the sophisticated descriptors lies in their ability to linearize structure-property relationships, to the point that a simple linear ridge regression performs just as well as the kernel-based machine-learning model for our small dicopper data set. The superior extrapolation performance of the simple descriptor is unique to exchange spin coupling, reinforcing the crucial role of choosing a suitable descriptor, and highlighting the interesting question of the role of chemical intuition vs. systematic or automated selection of features for machine learning in chemistry and material science.

THE ISSUE OF CONTEXT AND SOCIOLOGICAL POETICS OF THE "BAKHTIN'S CIRCLE"

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Grigorii I. Nesmeyanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
A Current

The article formulates main questions related to the concept of context. The issue of context is considered as a current-day interdisciplinary field of research. There are many definitions of context in dictionaries and in various humanities (including scientific disciplines). In connection with that issue various methodological approaches arise in the humanities, which can be designated by the umbrella term “contextual”. By the example of one of such approaches to the sociological poetics of the “Bakhtin’s circle”, the author substantiates the possibility of creating an interdisciplinary classification of contextual approaches. That classification may include scientific developments of different years and research fields, including: philosophical hermeneutics, a number of approaches to the Russian and foreign literary theory (M.M. Bakhtin, Yu.M. Lotman, B.M. Eichenbaum, F. Moretti, A. Compagnon, etc.), intellectual history, discourse analysis, etc.

Introduction to Games User Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Drachen ◽  
Pejman Mirza-Babaei ◽  
Lennart E. Nacke
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
User Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Present Book ◽  
Optimal Quality ◽  
Experienced User

This chapter provides an introduction to the field of Games User Research (GUR) and to the present book. GUR is an interdisciplinary field of practice and research concerned with ensuring the optimal quality of usability and user experience in digital games. GUR inevitably involves any aspect of a video game that players interface with, directly or indirectly. This book aims to provide the foundational, accessible, go-to resource for people interested in GUR. It is a community-driven effort—it is written by passionate professionals and researchers in the GUR community as a handbook and guide for everyone interested in user research and games. We aim to provide the most comprehensive overview from an applied perspective, for a person new to GUR, but which is also useful for experienced user researchers.

Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, Volume 2

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Experimental Philosophy ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Disciplinary Boundaries ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
New Research ◽  
Philosophical Questions

This is the second volume in Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, a series with the aim of providing a venue for publishing work in this emerging field. Experimental philosophy is a new movement that seeks to use empirical techniques to illuminate some of the oldest issues in philosophy. It is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of philosophy, psychology, and related disciplines, such as linguistics and sociology. Although the movement is only a few years old, it has already sparked an explosion of new research, challenging a number of cherished assumptions in both philosophy and the cognitive sciences. This volume includes both theoretical and experimental chapters as well as chapters that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. It is divided into three parts that explore epistemology, moral and political philosophy, and metaphysics and mind, showcasing the diversity of work that has arisen as traditionally philosophical questions have met the tools of social science.

The localized electron: magnetic properties

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Launay ◽  
Michel Verdaguer
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Ferromagnetic Coupling ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Single Molecule Magnets ◽  
Magnetic Systems ◽  
Orbital Interactions ◽  
Prussian Blue Analogues ◽  
Mononuclear Complexes

After preliminaries about electron properties, and definitions in magnetism, one treats the magnetism of mononuclear complexes, in particular spin cross-over, showing the role of cooperativity and the sensitivity to external perturbations. Orbital interactions and exchange interaction are explained in binuclear model systems, using orbital overlap and orthogonality concepts to explain antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic coupling. The phenomenologically useful Spin Hamiltonian is defined. The concepts are then applied to extended molecular magnetic systems, leading to molecular magnetic materials of various dimensionalities exhibiting bulk ferro- or ferrimagnetism. An illustration is provided by Prussian Blue analogues. Magnetic anisotropy is introduced. It is shown that in some cases, a slow relaxation of magnetization arises and gives rise to appealing single-ion magnets, single-molecule magnets or single-chain magnets, a route to store information at the molecular level.

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