Behaviour of the Steel Welded Grid during a Simplified Pullout Test in Fine Sand

This study considered the possibility of using steel gabion baskets made of welded mesh for a soil-strengthening function. Examples of such applications are known for meshes made of wires with diameters from 6.3 to 12.7 mm and mesh openings from 125 to 225 mm. In the case of a welded grid, the pulling resistance of fine-grained soil consists of two factors: frictional resistance and bearing resistance. Therefore, for the purposes of this issue, a simplified laboratory pullout test was carried out with four types of welded steel grid (common in Europe) embedded in the fine sand. The geometry of the grid (opening size: 76.2 × 76.2 mm), the type of steel (low carbon steel, tensile strength from 500 to 700 MPa), the diameter of the wire (2.7–4.5 mm) and its cover (ZN + PVC or ZnAl) were taken into account during the analysis. It was unequivocally stated that as the stiffness of the steel grid itself increases, its strength increases during the pullout test, which is not so obvious in the case of popular steel woven meshes. In addition, it has been shown that steel welded meshes with wire diameters less than 6 mm are suitable for soil reinforcement in structures with gabion facing, and the determined apparent friction coefficient (μk = 0.39–1.47) takes values similar to the friction coefficient given in references for welded meshes of larger diameters. This is a positive premise for starting further research on the use of wires of smaller diameters for welded mesh production used as soil reinforcement.

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Effects of A Low-Carbon Emission Additive on Mechanical Properties of Fine-grained Soil under Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127157 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 127157

Author(s):

Shervin Ahmadi ◽

Hasan Ghasemzadeh ◽

Foad Changizi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Freeze Thaw ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Fine Grained Soil ◽

Low Carbon Emission

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Ti3AlC2 — A Soft Ceramic Exhibiting Low Friction Coefficient

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1251 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 475-479 ◽

pp. 1251-1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hong Xiang Zhai ◽

Zhen Ying Huang ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

Zhi Li Zhang ◽

Shi Bo Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Friction Coefficient ◽

Friction Surface ◽

High Speed ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Aluminum Carbide ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Friction Behavior ◽

Sliding Speed ◽

Al And Fe Oxides

The friction behavior of a high-purity bulk titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2) material dryly sliding against low carbon steel was investigated. Tests were performed using a block-on-disk type high-speed friction tester under sliding speed of 20 m/s and 60 m/s, several normal pressures from 0.1 to 0.8 MPa. The results showed that the friction coefficient is as low as about 0.18 for sliding speed of 20 m/s and only 0.1 for 60 m/s, and that almost not changes with the normal pressure. The reason could be related with the presence of a surface layer on the friction surface. The layer was analyzed to consist of Ti, Al and Fe oxides, which played a lubricate part inducing the friction coefficient decrease on the friction surface.

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Determining Conditions for Thermoplastic Processing Guaranteeing Receipt of High-Quality Wire Rod for Cold Upsetting Using Numerical and Physical Modelling Methods

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13030711 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Konrad Laber ◽

Marcin Knapiński

Keyword(s):

Steel Wire ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Physical Modelling ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Cold Upsetting ◽

Wire Rod ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

The One ◽

Process Simulator

This paper presents the results of research with regard to determining the conditions of the thermoplastic processing of steel wire rod for cold upsetting, which ensures that a finished product with an even and fine-grained microstructure, without a clear banding and with increased cold deformability is obtained. The material used for the studies was 20MnB4 low carbon steel, and the studies were carried out on wire rod with a final diameter of 5.5 mm. Numerical modelling of the analysed process was carried out using commercial FORGE 2011® and QTSteel® programs, based on the finite element method. The GLEEBLE 3800® metallurgical process simulator was used for the physical modelling studies. The obtained theoretical and experimental results were then verified in industrial conditions. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the optimum strip temperature before deformation in the RSM finishing block of the rolling mill is about 850 °C. The best cooling variant after the deformation process was the one in which the cooling rate was 10 °C/s. Such parameters of thermoplastic processing ensure that a final product with a favourable complex of mechanical and technological properties as well as a fine-grained, even microstructure, lacking clear banding, is obtained.

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Fatigue crack propagation behaviour in ultra-fine grained low carbon steel

International Journal of Fatigue ◽

10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2004.07.004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 235-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

M CHAPETTI ◽

H MIYATA ◽

T TAGAWA ◽

T MIYATA ◽

M FUJIOKA

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Crack ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Crack Propagation ◽

Fatigue Crack Propagation ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Fine Grained

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Frictional Layer and Its Antifriction Effect in High-Purity Ti3SiC2 and TiC-Contained Ti3SiC2

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1347 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 280-283 ◽

pp. 1347-1352 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hong Xiang Zhai ◽

Zhen Ying Huang ◽

Yang Zhou ◽

Zhi Li Zhang ◽

Yi Fan Wang

Keyword(s):

Friction Coefficient ◽

High Purity ◽

Friction And Wear ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Friction Surfaces ◽

Wear Tests ◽

Friction And Wear Tests

Characteristics of the frictional layer in high-purity Ti3SiC2 and TiC-contained Ti3SiC2, sliding against low carbon steel, were investigated. The friction and wear tests were made using a block-on-disk type friction tester with sliding speed of 20 m/s and several normal pressures from 0.1 MPa to 0.8 MPa. It was found that all friction surfaces, whether high-purity Ti3SiC2 or TiC-contained Ti3SiC2, were covered by a layer consisting of the oxides of Ti, Si and Fe. The layer was sticky, superimposed layer-by-layer, and the compact was increased with the normal pressure increasing. Because its antifriction effect, the friction coefficient decreases from the maximum 0.35 to 0.27 with increase in the normal pressure from 0.2 MPa to 0.8 MPa for the high-purity Ti3SiC2, and decreases from the maximum 0.55 to 0.37 for the same change of the normal pressure for the TiC-contained Ti3SiC2. The contained TiC grains had effects on the stickiness, liquidness, as well as the morphology of the layer, and induced the friction coefficient to increase in the entire level.

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Influences of Change of Plasma on Strength Property of Eolian Sand

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.830 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 170-173 ◽

pp. 830-835

Author(s):

Chang Ning Jin ◽

Yu Hong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Friction Coefficient ◽

Internal Friction ◽

Strength Property ◽

Friction Angle ◽

Clay Particles ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Eolian Sand ◽

Coefficient Increase ◽

Fine Grained Soil ◽

Internal Friction Coefficient

The plasma in the eolian sand, included silt particle and clay particle, change easily and hugely. For studying their influences on the strength property of eolian sand, mixed silt particles and clay particles into eolian sand in different proportions to measure the internal friction angle and cohesion under different forming and testing conditions. The result indicates that: for the same kind of test specimen under different test types, the changes of cohesion and internal friction coefficient are regular. For the same test type, the changes of both cohesion and internal friction coefficient of different test specimens are regular. Generally, when the content of silt particles and clay particles is lower than a certain value, the cohesion and internal friction coefficient increase accordingly and rapidly along with the increase of silt particles and clay particles; after the content of silt particles and clay particles is larger than this value, the cohesion and internal friction coefficient increase slowly or decline along with the increase of silt particles and clay particles. The change range of this value is approximately between 45%～65%, the content of silt particles and clay particles. For the purpose of this test, as to the transition of test specimens from typical sandy soil to fine grained soil caused by the increase of silt particles and clay particles, the change point of strength is at 45％ approximately, which is basically consistent with the compacting test and CBR test, etc.

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Formation of fine cementite precipitates in an ultra-fine grained low carbon steel

Scripta Materialia ◽

10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00512-2 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 469-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Dong Hyuk Shin ◽

Kyung-Tae Park ◽

Yong-Seog Kim

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Fine Grained

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Effects of Thermal Treatment Processes (TTP) on the Tensile Properties of 0.165% Carbon Steel

FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.46792/fuoyejet.v1i1.10 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yusuf Shuaib-Babata ◽

Reuben Adebare Adewuyi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Thermal Treatment ◽

Tensile Stress ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Welded Joints ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Welded Steel ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Quench Hardening

In practice, welded low carbon steels do fail at the welded joints in use, thus leading to structural defects, material wastages, structural failure, and at times loss of lives, among others. This has been a great concern to practicing Engineers and Researchers. This study tends to proffer solution to this problem of concern through application of post welded thermal treatments. The welded samples were subjected to some post-weld thermal-treatment (TTP) operations such as normalizing, annealing and quench-hardening using different quenching media (Water, Palm oil, Quartz 5000 Total Engine oil, and Ground nut oil). The Tensile properties of the steel (such as tensile stress, tensile strain, and toughness) were determined before and after welding operations. At yield points, the thermal treatment processes adversely affected the strength of the welded steel. Meanwhile, normalizing and annealing processes enhanced the steel’s ductility and toughness, while quench-hardening process, irrespective of medium of quenching used reduced the steel toughness value. The toughness of the welded steel at the fracture point was also reduced through all the adopted thermal processes, except for normalizing process. The steel ultimate tensile stress and strain and its toughness values were equally reduced after TTP. Improvement of the properties of welded low carbon steel and the reduction of mechanical hazard were achieved through effective TTP. Thus, a better tensile property of welded low carbon steel was elicited by post-weld normalizing and annealing operations. Hence, butt-welded annealed and normalized low carbon steel specimens tend to be more resilient to failures at welded joints.

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