scholarly journals Applying Machine Learning Models to First Responder Collisions Beside Roads: Insights from “Two Vehicles Hit a Parked Motor Vehicle” Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11198
Author(s):  
Mohammadali Tofighi ◽  
Ali Asgary ◽  
Ghassem Tofighi ◽  
Brady Podloski ◽  
Felippe Cronemberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Data

First responders including firefighters, paramedics, and police officers are among the first to respond to vehicle collisions on roads and highways. Police officers conduct regular roadside Please check if the country name is correct traffic controls and checks on urban and rural roads, and highways. Once first responders begin such operations, they are vulnerable to motor vehicle collisions by oncoming traffic, a circumstance that calls for a better understanding of contributing factors and the extent to which they affect tragic outcomes. In light of factors identified in the literature, this paper applies machine learning methods including decision tree and random forest to a subset of the National Collision Database (NCDB) of Canada that includes information on collisions between two vehicles (one in parked position) and the severity of these collisions as measured by having or not having injuries. Findings reveal that key measurable, predictable, and sensible factors such as time, location, and weather conditions, as well as the interconnections among them, can explain the severity of collisions that may happen between motor vehicles and first responders who are working alongside the roads. Analysis from longitudinal data is rich and the use of automated methods can be used to predict and assess the risk and vulnerability of first responders while responding to or operating on different roads and conditions.

scholarly journals Designing a First Responders’ Emergency Response Kit for Motor-Vehicle Collisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Yuval Bitan ◽  
Amit Shreiber ◽  
Gili Zafon ◽  
Eli Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Efficacious Treatment ◽  
Emergency Medical Personnel

Fast, effective, and accurate emergency medical treatment can save lives. Quick access to the specific equipment that emergency medical personnel need facilitates more efficacious treatment during emergencies. This project focuses on designing an improved emergency response kit for medical first responders. The kit currently in use has no organizational standard for the way the medical items it contains are placed inside. With a user-centered method, we designed a kit that better fits first responders’ requirements and found that the kit – a backpack and a vest – is both easier to use and carry, based on emergency care priorities.

Analysis of Rear-End Conflicts in Urban Networks using Bayesian Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (38) ◽  
pp. 302-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Stylianou ◽  
Loukas Dimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Measuring Point ◽  
Data Share ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Vehicle Data ◽  
Traffic Conflict ◽  
The Individual

Crash analysis and modeling studies have provided insightful information on crash-contributing factors and the methodologies utilized provide evidence that they could also be beneficial for conflict analysis, as traffic conflict data share similar traits with crash data. In this study, a Bayesian network (BN) is estimated to comprehensively analyze rear-end conflict likelihood in an urban network, using disaggregate vehicle-by-vehicle data and the time-to-collision indicator to identify conflicts. The variables imported in the BN include (i) individual driver characteristics (e.g., speed); (ii) traffic operational characteristics (e.g., volume); and (iii) general characteristics (e.g., weather conditions). The inference analyses of the BN conducted to quantify the contributions of the variables affecting rear-end conflict likelihood in the urban network showed that rear-end conflict likelihood could be increased when the involved vehicles are of a different type, when the speed of the following vehicle is higher than the speed of the leading vehicle, when the individual speed is high when the individual headway is small, with a higher coefficient of variation of speed values, when the type of intersection nearest to the measuring point was a priority intersection, when the carriageway was of dual design, and when it was rainy. It was also shown that rear-end conflict likelihood increases during congestion and free-flow traffic. The findings of this study could be further developed to provide a good understanding of contributing factors to possible crashes in the urban network.

Inattention and Misjudgment in Older Drivers Involved in Automobile Collisions in Hawai'I, 1986–1991

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Kim ◽  
Charlotte Albert-Thenet ◽  
Max Vercruyssen
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Left Turns ◽  
Right Turns On Red

Motor vehicle collision reports filed by police officers may be useful in investigating driver behavior and identifying potential causal attributes of accident involvement. Inattention and misjudgment were two options appearing on police reports to explain the cause of motor vehicle collisions in Hawai'i from 1986 to 1991. Examination of all crash reports (n = 218,718) revealed that inattention and misjudgment are serious problems for older drivers (65 years and older, n = 14,179). For instance, for the 75 to 84 year old drivers involved in collisions (n = 3659), 36% were classified as inattentive and 22% were identified as having misjudgment errors in driving; for the 85 and older drivers (n = 340), these percentages were 41 and 22, respectively. Of the collisions involving older drivers, 48% were at intersections. Reports of inattention and misjudgments were highest at dusk and dawn compared to other times of the day and night. Among the rear-end collisions, 65% of the older rear-enders were inattentive drivers. Strong associations of inattentive older drivers were found with being a broadsider (49%), side-swiper (45%) and headoner. Misjudgments among older drivers were most associated with being a side-swiper (41% from the opposite direction and 37% from the same direction). Regarding vehicle maneuvers prior to the crash, inattention was associated with right turns on red (61%), U-turns (57%), starting from park (56%), backing (56%), changing lanes (48%), merging (45%), and making left turns (40%). Misjudgment errors were most likely to occur when overtaking (44%), parking (41%), making left turns (39%), and changing lanes (39%). Dangerous actions common among inattentive older drivers included disregarding traffic controls (72%), following too closely (67%), going the wrong way (54%), failing to yield (52%), improper turns (48%), and speeding (45%). Older drivers classified as having misjudgments were most likely to be involved in improper overtaking (46%), failure to yield (41%), and improper turns (39%).

scholarly journals Analysis of Overtaking Maneuvers to Cycling Groups on Two-Lane Rural Roads using Objective and Subjective Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 148-160
Author(s):  
Griselda López ◽  
Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga ◽  
Sara Moll ◽  
Alfredo García
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Parallel Line ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Single File ◽  
Lateral Distance ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Lateral Clearance ◽  
Surrogate Measures

In Spain, the presence of cyclists’ groups riding on two-lane rural roads in a single file or in parallel line is growing. The number of overtaking maneuvers to them is also increasing. This is one of the most dangerous interactions between motor vehicles and bicycles. However, the risk of these maneuvers has not been analyzed in depth. This research analyzes the objective and subjective risk of overtaking maneuvers to cyclists’ groups. During this maneuver, the motorized vehicle overtakes the bicycles with a certain speed and lateral distance. These are the surrogate measures used to analyze the objective risk, whereas the subjective risk was analyzed based on the subjective risk perception that 10 cyclists riding instrumented bicycles (in different group configurations) indicated when every motor vehicle overtook them. Results show that the cyclists most exposed to the overtaking maneuver are those at the front and at the rear of the group. In relation to the configuration, the risk is higher in parallel lines, as the lateral clearance is lower compared with a single line. It is even higher when the overtaking maneuver is flying, which is usually performed at higher speeds and lower lateral clearance. The subjective risk perception increases with higher speed and lower lateral clearance, and is higher at the rear positions. Overtaking in which lateral distance is less than 1.5 m is perceived as the riskiest. These results provide scientific recommendations to enhance safety for cyclists’ groups, and to integrate cycling with vehicular traffic on two-lane rural roads.

Nighttime Photography & Videography: Techniques & Tips

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
Jason Young ◽  
Jeffrey W. Muttart ◽  
Jeff Suway ◽  
Joe Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Discussion Session ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Assessment Techniques

Investigation of nighttime motor vehicle collisions represents one of the most challenging aspects of collision reconstruction. Nighttime collisions with motorcycles, pedestrians, cyclists, skateboarders, or wildlife will often require the investigator to assess the visibility of the struck object from the driver perspective at the time of the collision. Since lighting conditions, weather conditions and traffic conditions are continually changing, the ability of the investigator to create a perfect re-enactment is, by definition, not usually possible. As such, the investigator must make use of nighttime visibility assessment techniques to best reproduce the conditions at the time and correctly account for all other factors that are not in the investigator’s control. The goal of this panel discussion session is to share the combined experience and knowledge of the panelists with the audience regarding the tried-and-tested best practice techniques and tips of conducting nighttime collision re-enactments.

scholarly journals Analysis of Trends and Correlation in Child Restraint Use and Seating Position of Child Passengers in Motor Vehicles: Application of a Bivariate Probit Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghna Chakraborty ◽  
Shakir Mahmud ◽  
Timothy Gates
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Restraint Use ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Child Restraint ◽  
Seating Position

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death and injury for children under 8 years. While different states are showing increases in the proportion of child restraint device use, only around half of the children aged between 4 to 7 years are being properly restrained. This study was undertaken to identify the factors contributing to the proper child restraint use and child passenger’s seating position through the direct observation surveys of more than 10,000 child passengers in 2015 and 2018 in Michigan. A bivariate probit model was developed to simultaneously identify the contributing factors for the proper restraint use and seating position of child passengers. The bivariate framework is able to account for correlation of the two dependent variables in the study. The results show that the two dependent variables are positively correlated, and this correlation is strongly significant. Also, the key factors simultaneously influencing proper child restraint use and appropriate seating position of the child passenger include the age of the child, number of the child passengers in the vehicle, driver belt use, driver gender, age, and race, vehicle type, stratum, weather, and the time of the day and week. However, factors such as county-specific population, income, and education, and the type of location did not have a significant association with either child restraint use or the seating position of the child passenger.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Contributing Factors Affecting Number of Vehicles Involved in Crashes Using Machine Learning Techniques in Rural Roads of Cosenza, Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Guido ◽  
Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas ◽  
Alessandro Vitale ◽  
Vittorio Astarita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Average Speed

Evaluation of road safety is a critical issue having to be conducted for successful safety management in road transport systems, whereas safety management is considered in road transportation systems as a challenging task according to the dynamic of this issue and the presence of a large number of effective parameters on road safety. Therefore, evaluation and analysis of important contributing factors affecting the number of crashes play a key role in increasing the efficiency of road safety. For this purpose, in this research work, two machine learning algorithms including the group method of data handling (GMDH)-type neural network and a combination of support vector machine (SVM) and the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) are employed for evaluating the number of vehicles involved in the accident based on the seven factors affecting transport safety including the Daylight (DL), Weekday (W), Type of accident (TA), Location (L), Speed limit (SL), Average speed (AS) and Annual average daily traffic (AADT) of rural roads of Cosenza in southern Italy. In this study, 564 data sets of rural areas were investigated and relevant effective parameters were measured. In the next stage, several models were developed to investigate the parameters affecting the safety management of road transportation for rural areas. The results obtained demonstrated that "Average speed" has the highest level and "Weekday" has the lowest level of importance in the investigated rural area. Finally, although the results of both algorithms were the same, the GOA-SVM model showed a better degree of accuracy and robustness than the GMDH model.

Police Escalation and the Motor Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-155
Author(s):  
Jordan Blair Woods
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Stops ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
System Today

This article, prepared for the special issue on investigations, presents an original empirical analysis of the role of the motor vehicle in shaping how officers describe experiencing violence and perceiving danger during vehicle stops. Tens of millions of traffic stops occur every year, making vehicle stops the most common interaction that civilians have with law enforcement. Although traffic stops are commonly described as dangerous settings for police officers, little is known about how the motor vehicle itself shapes officer descriptions, perceptions, and experiences of danger and harm during these stops. The presented findings make at least four key contributions to scholarship and policing law and policy. First, the findings inform unfolding criminal law reforms surrounding the policing and criminalization of traffic offenses, which are major sources of racial disparity in, and net-widening of, the criminal justice system today. Second, the findings prompt questions about whether and when legal actors, and especially actors that regulate the police, should defer to officer danger narratives involving motor vehicles. Third, the findings prompt novel questions about technology and the law, and more specifically, the ability of new motor vehicle technologies to help diffuse officer perceptions of danger that stem from motor vehicles. Fourth and finally, the findings illustrate a need to pay greater attention to the motor vehicle as a source of officer danger and harm in official policing data in order to accurately measure the risks and costs of policing during vehicle stops.

scholarly journals Features of Applying by Staff of Internal Affairs Bodies Separate Measures of Ensuring Procedures in Cases of Administrative Offenses

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Soshin ◽  
Viktor Samsonov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Administrative Legislation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Alcohol Testing

At the present time, an analysis of legal regulation and the practice of using administrative coercive measures by law enforcement agencies is gaining ground, as sound enforcement of the norms of administrative legislation is important in identifying the degrees of efficiency, implementation of goals and measures of ensuring the procedures in cases of administrative offences, as well as the general state of legality in the field of public administration. In spite of the fact that the police officers are authorized to apply various measures of ensuring the procedures in cases of administrative offences, the most high-demand ones are examination of motor vehicles, banishment from motor vehicle driving, alcohol testing, medical alcohol testing. Compliance with the procedural order of application of the specified measures, correct drawing up procedural documents, is a guarantee of an objective examination of the case of administrative offence and bringing the law-breaker to responsibility established by the law. At the same time, the sphere of application of the measures noted observes both certain drawbacks of the acting administrative legislation and imperfection of law enforcement practice, which hinders implementing the goal of maintaining legitimacy in the sphere of public administration.

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