scholarly journals From When to When: Evaluating Naturalness of Reaction Time via Viewing Turn around Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11424
Author(s):  
Atsumu Kubota ◽  
Mitsuhiko Kimoto ◽  
Takamasa Iio ◽  
Katsunori Shimohara ◽  
Masahiro Shiomi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Reaction Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Length ◽  
Natural Reaction ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Behavior Design ◽  
Male Model

This paper addresses the effects of visual reaction times of a turn around behavior toward touch stimulus in the context of perceived naturalness. People essentially prefer a quick and natural reaction time to interaction partners, but appropriate reaction times will change due to the kinds of partners, e.g., humans, computers, and robots. In this study, we investigate two visual reaction times in touch interaction: the time length from the touched timing to the start of a reaction behavior, and the time length of the reaction behavior. We also investigated appropriate reaction times for different beings: three robots (Sota, Nao and Pepper) and humans (male and female). We conducted a web-survey based experiment to investigate natural reaction times for robots and humans, and the results concluded that the best combinations of both reaction times are different between each robot (i.e., among Sota, Nao and Pepper) and the humans (i.e., between male and female). We also compared the effect of using the best combinations for each robot and human to prove the importance of using each appropriate reaction timing for each being. The results suggest that an appropriate reaction time combination investigated from the male model is not ideal for robots, and the combination investigated from the female model is a better choice for robots. Our study also suggests that calibrating parameters for individual robots’ behavior design would enable better performances than using parameters of robot behaviors based on observing human-human interaction, although such an approach is a typical method of robot behavior design.

Accurate reaction time methods demonstrate similar results from different sensory modalities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Drew McRacken ◽  
Maddie Dyson ◽  
Kevin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Methods ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
The Impact

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant number of reports that suggested that reaction times for different sensory modalities were different – e.g., that visual reaction time was slower than tactile reaction time. A recent report by Holden and colleagues stated that (1) there has been a significant historic upward drift in reaction times reported in the literature, (2) that this drift or degradation in reaction times could be accounted for by inaccuracies in the methods used and (3) that these inaccurate methods led to inaccurate reporting of differences between visual and tactile based reaction time testing.  The Holden study utilized robotics (i.e., no human factors) to test visual and tactile reaction time methods but did not assess how individuals would perform on different sensory modalities.  This study utilized three different sensory modalities: visual, auditory, and tactile, to test reaction time. By changing the way in which the subjects were prompted and measuring subsequent reaction time, the impact of sensory modality could be analyzed. Reaction time testing for two sensory modalities, auditory and visual, were administered through an Arduino Uno microcontroller device, while tactile-based reaction time testing was administered with the Brain Gauge. A range of stimulus intensities was delivered for the reaction times delivered by each sensory modality. The average reaction time and reaction time variability was assessed and a trend could be identified for the reaction time measurements of each of the sensory modalities. Switching the sensory modality did not result in a difference in reaction time and it was concluded that this was due to the implementation of accurate circuitry used to deliver each test. Increasing stimulus intensity for each sensory modality resulted in faster reaction times. The results of this study confirm the findings of Holden and colleagues and contradict the results reported in countless studies that conclude that (1) reaction times are historically slower now than they were 50 years ago and (2) that there are differences in reaction times for different sensory modalities (vision, hearing, tactile). The implications of this are that utilization of accurate reaction time methods could have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and that many methods in current clinical use are basically perpetuating poor methods and wasting time and money of countless subjects or patients.

scholarly journals Comparison of Mind Control Techniques: An Assessment of Reaction Times

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-600
Author(s):  
Varun Malhotra ◽  
Neera Goel ◽  
Usha Dhar ◽  
Rinku Garg ◽  
Yogish Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Devotional Music ◽  
Mind Control ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Reaction Time Test

Background: Every activity requires a certain amount of concentration and no effective action may be performed without deep concentration. Businessman or artists or students in school must know the art of focusing all powers of attention on a single point in order to succeed in their respective vocation.Methods: We wanted to find the best technique to increase the concentration scientifically. We thus, endeavored to study and compare the reaction times in maneuvers of anuloma viloma pranayama, kapalbhatti pranayama, gayatri chanting and exercise. Reaction time test was taken online before anuloma viloma pranayama, kapalbhatti pranayama, gayatri chanting and exercise and compared after.Results: Reaction times decreased significantly and was least during gayatri mantra. Concentration as seen by a decrease in visual reaction time denotes first a withdrawal of attention from objects of distraction and then focusing all attention upon one thing at a time. Just 30 minutes of physical activity each day offers substantial benefits to your health.Conclusions: Pranayama or devotional music chanting also decreases fatigue keeps the mind alert, and active.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(4) 2016 p.596-600

Relationships of Auditory and Visual Reaction Times to Reading Achievement

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Busby ◽  
Donald E. Hurd
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reading Achievement ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Perceptual Field ◽  
Visual Channel ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Low Tone

To determine the relationship between reading achievement and the reaction time of an individual responding to auditory and visual stimuli present in his perceptual field Ss were selected at random from Grades 2, 4 and 6. S lifted his finger from a key as rapidly as possible at the onset of any one of four stimuli (red or green light, high or low tone). Shifting reaction time was not independent of reaction time in either the auditory or visual channel. Hence, the possibility that relative perceptual difficulties could exist in shifting behavior while no defect existed in either single channel was not supported. Perception defined as the reaction time of an individual responding to auditory and visual stimuli was not significantly related to reading achievement.

Reaction Time and Visual Brightness: Within-Subject Correlations

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand V. Cardello
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Correlations ◽  
Visual Brightness ◽  
Magnitude Estimates

An experiment was conducted to compare visual reaction time and visual brightness within the same subjects. Simple reaction times and magnitude estimates of brightness were obtained in response to 1000-msec. flashes of 60.7, 67.5, 76.4, 85.1, and 93.4 dB re 10−10L white light. The relationship between reaction time and stimulus intensity was best described by a negative logarithmic function, while the relationship between magnitude estimates of brightness and stimulus intensity was best described by a power function. Linear correlations between reaction times and magnitude estimates indicated that visual reaction time and brightness are not proportional within all subjects. Previous reports of proportionality between these two measures were discussed as possibly being the result of inappropriate cross-experiment comparisons.

Reaction Time and Effect of Ritalin on Children with Learning Problems

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Spring ◽  
Lawrence Greenberg ◽  
Jimmy Scott ◽  
John Hopwood
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
School Age ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Elementary School Age ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Reading And Spelling

In Exp. I, 22 poor readers and 22 normal readers of elementary-school age were matched on age, IQ, and sex and tested with a visual reaction-time task requiring same-different judgments. On initial trials poor readers were slower than normal readers. In addition, the performance of poor readers deteriorated faster than that of normal readers as testing progressed. In Exp. II, 20 hyperactive boys taking methylphenidate medication, 19 hyperactive boys whose medication was temporarily discontinued, and 19 normal boys were tested. Reaction time on early trials was not significantly different for boys in the on-medication and off-medication groups; however, both hyperactive groups were slower than the normal group. As testing progressed, reaction times of normal boys and boys taking medication remained fairly stable, while the performance of hyperactive boys not taking medication declined. The significance of these results to reading and spelling is discussed.

Reaction Time as a Function of Peripheral Retinal Locus around Fovea: Effect of Stimulus Size

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Size ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Retinal Locus ◽  
Visual Reaction

Using targets of four sizes between 18' and 116' at a fixed luminance of 5.8 cd/m2, human visual reaction times (RT) were measured on a circle at 30° eccentric to the fovea. A foveal and 12 peripheral retinal loci were explored, covering the range between 0° and 330° in steps of 30° units on a circle about the fovea. RT decreased significantly by the stimulation to the quadrant retinal loci between nasal and superior side. RT decreased as a function of increasing target size and the amount of decrement was relatively larger in the periphery than in the fovea.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Reaction Time and 60 m Performance in Elite Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12a) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veli Volkan Gürses ◽  
Okan Kamiş
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
International Association ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 60m sprint results and reaction times in athletes who took part in the World Indoor Athletics Championships. The reaction times and 60m sprint results were compiled for 483 sprinters (253 male, 230 female) who performed 60m sprint event. Corresponding data were obtained from archives of the official website of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). The relationship between reaction time and 60m sprint results were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Additionally, the Independent Samples T-Test was used to compare athletes’ reaction times and 60m sprint results. Positive moderate correlation was found between mean values of all 60m sprint results and reaction times, which were analyzed together in all categories (r=.436, p<0.01). Moreover, significant differences were also found between male and female finalists based on the 60m sprint times and reaction times respectively (t=-27.98, p<0.01; t=-3.26, p<0.01). As a result, it can be concluded that reaction time has great importance on 60 m performance. The best reaction time is related to the higher performance of 60m sprint in both male and female athletes. Moreover, this is also similar for round 1, semifinal and final categories. Coaches and athletes may consider improving reaction time to achieve better 60m performance.

scholarly journals Visual reaction time of drivers versus healthy adults: a comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Mrigendra Amatya ◽  
Samjhana Thapa ◽  
Roshan Kasti ◽  
Ojashwi Nepal
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
T Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Student Group ◽  
Vehicular Pollution ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
One Year

Introduction: Driving is a highly demanding profession requiring heightened alertness while remaining in an ergonomically constrained position and also associated with exposure to vehicular pollution and whole body vibration. We explored whether drivers’ reaction time is different to student group who also remain in sitting position for long hours but not exposed to other factors. Materials and methods: Drivers with at least one year of occupational history and under/post-graduate students were randomly selected. Their reaction time in seconds (RT) was measured by the ruler drop method (RDM) and compared with independent t test. Right vs left hand RTs were compared within groups by paired t test. Results: Thirty students (21.8±2.25 years) and 37 drivers (33.73±9.77 years) participated in the study. The drivers had RT of 2.03±0.2s on both the hands; students’ RT were 2.01±0.16s on right and 2.02±0.17s on left hands. For both hands, the differences were not significant between drivers and students (p>0.5). Right and left RT were also comparable for both groups (p>0.5). Conclusions: Bus drivers with at least one year occupational exposure have reaction times ruler drop stimulus not significantly different from controls (students).

Detection of cognitive impairment by choice auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) s during acute mental stress in young hypertensives: A case control study.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitthal Khode ◽  
Satish Patil ◽  
Girish Babu ◽  
Komal Ruikar ◽  
Sakshi Patel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Control Study

Background: Acute stress is known to be associated with both negative and positive influences on cognitive performance. Hypertension is one of the risk factors for lowered cognitive performance. Mental stress testing is easier to administer and can be regulated by the investigator. Mental arithmetic, using serial subtraction, is the most widely used method to administer stress. Reaction time (RT) is widely used to assess cognitive domains like attention, execution, and psychomotor speed. Researchers have shown that choice reaction times are delayed in hypertension. It is not known whether acute mental stress improves or deteriorates attention, execution, and psychomotor speed in hypertension. We hypothesized in the present study that acute mental stress deteriorates cognitive function in hypertensives without overt cerebro-vascular disease or other vascular risk factors. Method: After getting medical ethical clearance from our institution, this case-control study was carried out over eight months (January 2017 to September 2017). 60 subjects between the age group of 35 to 55 years were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 diagnosed cases of hypertension with at least two years of duration. Group 2 consisted of 30 sex and age-matched controls. MMSE was performed to assess the cognitive function in these groups. Simple (S) and choice (C) auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) were measured at rest and acute mental stress in these groups to assess cognitive function. The predictive value of VRTC resting and VRTC during acute mental stress among hypertensives for cognitive dysfunction was calculated by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: There was a significant difference between ART and VRT, both simple and choice in hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects, and these reaction times further increased during mental stress. (P<0.001). VCRT can be a predictor of cognitive dysfunction in hypertensives and during acute mental stress. Conclusion: A significant difference in cognitive functions in hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects exists, and this further deteriorates with acute mental stress.

scholarly journals Improving the robustness of infant lexical processing speed measures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Egger ◽  
Caroline F Rowland ◽  
Christina Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Reaction

Visual reaction times to target pictures after naming events are an informative measurement in language acquisition research, because gaze shifts measured in looking-while-listening paradigms are an indicator of infants’ lexical speed of processing. This measure is very useful as it can be applied from a young age onwards and has been linked to later language development. However, to obtain valid reaction times, the infant is required to switch the fixation of their eyes from a distractor to a target object. This means that usually at least half the trials have to be discarded - those where the participant is already fixating the target at the onset of the target word - so that no reaction time can be measured. With few trials, reliability suffers, which is especially problematic when studying individual differences.In order to solve this problem, we developed a gaze-triggered looking-while-listening paradigm. The trials do not differ from the original paradigm apart from the fact that the target object is chosen depending on the infant’s eye fixation before naming. The object the infant is looking at becomes the distractor and the other object is used as the target, requiring a fixation switch, and thus providing a reaction time. We tested our paradigm with forty-three 18-month-old infants, comparing the results to those from the original paradigm. The gaze-triggered paradigm yielded more valid reaction time trials, as anticipated. The results of a ranked correlation between the conditions confirmed that the manipulated paradigm measures the same concept as the original paradigm.

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