scholarly journals Influence of the Final Ratio on the Consumption of an Electric Vehicle under Conditions of Standardized Driving Cycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11474
Author(s):  
David Sebastian Puma-Benavides ◽  
Javier Izquierdo-Reyes ◽  
Renato Galluzzi ◽  
Juan de Dios Calderon-Najera
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Electric Drive System ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Energy Autonomy

Electric vehicles must improve their electric drive system efficiency and effectively use their limited energy to become a viable means of transportation. As such, these technologies have undergone substantial improvements from their initial conception. More efficient powertrains, together with improved storage technologies, have enabled more extended autonomy. However, from an engineering perspective, these systems are still a key area of research and optimization. This work presents a powertrain optimization methodology, developing energy savings and improving the performance of the electric vehicle by focusing on the differential. The proposed methodology includes a study of the dynamics of the electric vehicle and the generation of a mathematical model that represents it. By simulating the vehicle and varying the final ratio of the differential, a significant optimization for energy savings is obtained by developing a standardized driving cycle. In this case, NEDC, WLTC-2, and WLTC-3 test cycles are used. The results show that a short ratio improves performance, even if this implies a larger torque from the prime mover. Depending on the operating cycle used, an energy-saving between 3% and 8% was registered. An extended energy autonomy and an increment in the life-cycle of the batteries are expected in real driving scenarios.

scholarly journals The Impact of HVAC on the Development of Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Concepts

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Adrian König ◽  
Sebastian Mayer ◽  
Lorenzo Nicoletti ◽  
Stephan Tumphart ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Vehicle Concept ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vehicle Size ◽  
Weather Scenario

Automation and electrification are changing vehicles and mobility. Whereas electrification is mainly changing the powertrain, automation enables the rethinking of the vehicle and its applications. The actual driving range is an important requirement for the design of automated and electric vehicles, especially if they are part of a fleet. To size the battery accordingly, not only the consumption of the powertrain has to be estimated, but also that of the auxiliary users. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is one of the biggest auxiliary consumers. Thus, a variable HVAC model for vehicles with electric powertrain was developed to estimate the consumption depending on vehicle size and weather scenario. After integrating the model into a tool for autonomous and electric vehicle concept development, various vehicle concepts were simulated in different weather scenarios and driving cycles with the HVAC consumption considered for battery sizing. The results indicate that the battery must be resized significantly depending on the weather scenario to achieve the same driving ranges. Furthermore, the percentage of HVAC consumption is in some cases higher than that of the powertrain for urban driving cycles, due to lower average speeds. Thus, the HVAC and its energy demand should especially be considered in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles that are primarily used in cities.

scholarly journals Modelling and Simulation of the Electrical Vehicle Using Matlab and Verifying it by Driving Cycles

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.38) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Gussan Maaz Mufti ◽  
Mobeen Ur Rehman ◽  
Dr. Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Drive Cycle ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Mathematical System ◽  
The World ◽  
Electrical Vehicle

Modelling of the Electric Vehicle is analyzed in this paper to evaluate the performance and range of the EV. The indigenous platform of MATLAB has been used to model and simulate the different scenarios of range covered by the EV by varying the accessory power associated with them. The mathematical system was further verified by simulating the standard drive cycles for different regions of the world including the standard drive cycle of U.S.A. and E.U. These results show that the power of the accessories associated with the Electric Vehicles plays a major role in deciding the distances covered by it. A suitable selection can help to increase the range of the Electric Vehicles.       

scholarly journals An electric circuit model for a lithium-ion battery cell based on automotive drive cycles measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2798
Author(s):  
Jaouad Khalfi ◽  
Najib Boumaaz ◽  
Abdallah Soulmani ◽  
El Mehdi Laadissi
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Battery Management System ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Driving Cycles

The on-board energy storage system plays a key role in electric vehicles since it directly affects their performance and autonomy. The lithium-ion battery offers satisfactory characteristics that make electric vehicles competitive with conventional ones. This article focuses on modeling and estimating the parameters of the lithium-ion battery cell when used in different electric vehicle drive cycles and styles. The model consists of an equivalent electrical circuit based on a second-order Thevenin model. To identify the parameters of the model, two algorithms were tested: Trust-Region-Reflective and Levenberg-Marquardt. To account for the dynamic behavior of the battery cell in an electric vehicle, this identification is based on measurement data that represents the actual use of the battery in different conditions and driving styles. Finally, the model is validated by comparing simulation results to measurements using the mean square error (MSE) as model performance criteria for the driving cycles (UDDS, LA-92, US06, neural network (NN), and HWFET). The results demonstrate interesting performance mostly for the driving cycles (UDDS and LA-92). This confirms that the model developed is the best solution to be integrated in a battery management system of an electric vehicle.

EV – Challenges In Going Electric

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umanand L
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Hybrid Electric

This article presents a frank and open opinion on the challenges that will be faced in moving towards an electric mass transport ecosystem. World over there is considerable research activity on electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. There seems to be a global effort to move from an ICE driven ecosystem to electric vehicle ecosystem. There is no simple means to make this transition. This road is filled with hurdles and challenges. This paper poses and discusses these challenges and possible solutions for enabling EVs.

scholarly journals Optimized Strategic Planning of Future Norwegian Low-Voltage Networks with a Genetic Algorithm Applying Empirical Electric Vehicle Charging Data

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Julian Wruk ◽  
Kevin Cibis ◽  
Matthias Resch ◽  
Hanne Sæle ◽  
Markus Zdrallek
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Impact

This article outlines methods to facilitate the assessment of the impact of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks at planning stage and applies them to a case study. As network planning is becoming a more complex task, an approach to automated network planning that yields the optimal reinforcement strategy is outlined. Different reinforcement measures are weighted against each other in terms of technical feasibility and costs by applying a genetic algorithm. Traditional reinforcements as well as novel solutions including voltage regulation are considered. To account for electric vehicle charging, a method to determine the uptake in equivalent load is presented. For this, measured data of households and statistical data of electric vehicles are combined in a stochastic analysis to determine the simultaneity factors of household load including electric vehicle charging. The developed methods are applied to an exemplary case study with Norwegian low-voltage networks. Different penetration rates of electric vehicles on a development path until 2040 are considered.

scholarly journals On the Investigation of Energy Efficient Torque Distribution Strategies through a Comprehensive Powertrain Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4549
Author(s):  
Sara Salamone ◽  
Basilio Lenzo ◽  
Giovanni Lutzemberger ◽  
Francesco Bucchi ◽  
Luca Sani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Torque Distribution ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Battery State Of Charge

In electric vehicles with multiple motors, the torque at each wheel can be controlled independently, offering significant opportunities for enhancing vehicle dynamics behaviour and system efficiency. This paper investigates energy efficient torque distribution strategies for improving the operational efficiency of electric vehicles with multiple motors. The proposed strategies are based on the minimisation of power losses, considering the powertrain efficiency characteristics, and are easily implementable in real-time. A longitudinal dynamics vehicle model is developed in Simulink/Simscape environment, including energy models for the electrical machines, the converter, and the energy storage system. The energy efficient torque distribution strategies are compared with simple distribution schemes under different standardised driving cycles. The effect of the different strategies on the powertrain elements, such as the electric machine and the energy storage system, are analysed. Simulation results show that the optimal torque distribution strategies provide a reduction in energy consumption of up to 5.5% for the case-study vehicle compared to simple distribution strategies, also benefiting the battery state of charge.

scholarly journals The Structure and Optimal Gear Tooth Profile Design of Two-Speed Transmission for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3736
Author(s):  
Jae-Oh Han ◽  
Won-Hyeong Jeong ◽  
Jong-Seok Lee ◽  
Se-Hoon Oh
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement

As environmental regulations have been strengthened worldwide since the Paris Climate Agreement, the automobile industry is shifting its production paradigm to focus on eco-friendly vehicles such as electric vehicles and hydrogen-battery vehicles. Governments are banning fossil fuel vehicles by law and expanding the introduction of green vehicles. The energy efficiency of electric vehicles that use a limited power source called batteries depends on the driving environment. Applying a two-speed transmission to an electric vehicle can optimize average speed and performance efficiency at low speeds, and achieve maximum speed with minimal torque at high speeds. In this study, a two-speed transmission for an electric vehicle has been developed, to be used in a compact electric vehicle. This utilizes a planetary gear of a total of three pairs, made of a single module which was intended to enable two-speed. The ring gear was removed, and the carrier was used in common. When shifting, the energy used for the speed change is small, due to the use of the simple method of fixing the sun gear of each stage. Each gear was designed by calculating bending strength and surface durability, using JGMA standards, to secure stability. The safety factor of the gears used in the transmission is as follows: all gears have been verified for safety with a bending strength of 1.2 or higher and a surface pressure strength of 1.1 or higher. The design validity of the transmission was verified by calculating the gear meshing ratio and the reference efficiency of the gear. The transmission to be developed through the research results of this paper has a simple and compact structure optimized for electric vehicles, and has reduced shift shock. In addition, energy can be used more efficiently, which will help improve fuel economy and increase drive range.

scholarly journals Objective Rating of the Launch Behavior of Conventional, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Dorsch ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Dual Clutch Transmission ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Objective Rating ◽  
Dynamic Quality

AbstractThe calibration of conventional, hybrid and electric drivetrains is an important process during the development phase of any vehicle. Therefore, to optimize the comfort and dynamic behavior (known as driveability), many test drives are performed by experienced drivers during different driving maneuvers, e.g., launch, re-launch or gear shift. However, the process can be kept more consistent and independent of human-based deviations by using objective ratings. This study first introduces an objective rating system developed for the launch behavior of conventional vehicles with automatic transmission, dual-clutch transmission, and alternative drivetrains. Then, the launch behavior, namely comfort and dynamic quality, is compared between two conventional vehicles, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and a battery electric vehicle. Results show the benefits of pure electric drivetrains due to the lack of launch and shifting elements, as well as the usage of a highly dynamic electric motor. While the plug-in hybrid achieves a 10% higher overall rating compared to the baseline conventional vehicle, the pure electric vehicle even achieves a 21% higher overall rating. The results also highlight the optimization potential of battery electric vehicles regarding their comfort and dynamic characteristics. The transitions and the gradient of the acceleration build-up have a major influence on the launch quality.

scholarly journals Energy Management System Optimization of Drug Store Electric Vehicles Charging Station Operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6163
Author(s):  
Yongyi Huang ◽  
Atsushi Yona ◽  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Ashraf Mohamed Hemeida ◽  
Paras Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Charging Stations

Electric vehicle charging station have become an urgent need in many communities around the world, due to the increase of using electric vehicles over conventional vehicles. In addition, establishment of charging stations, and the grid impact of household photovoltaic power generation would reduce the feed-in tariff. These two factors are considered to propose setting up charging stations at convenience stores, which would enable the electric energy to be shared between locations. Charging stations could collect excess photovoltaic energy from homes and market it to electric vehicles. This article examines vehicle travel time, basic household energy demand, and the electricity consumption status of Okinawa city as a whole to model the operation of an electric vehicle charging station for a year. The entire program is optimized using MATLAB mixed integer linear programming (MILP) toolbox. The findings demonstrate that a profit could be achieved under the principle of ensuring the charging station’s stable service. Household photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles are highly dependent on energy sharing between regions. The convenience store charging station service strategy suggested gives a solution to the future issues.

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