scholarly journals Comparison of Thermal Comfort between Sapporo and Tokyo—The Case of the Olympics 2020

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Yuting Wu ◽  
Kathrin Graw ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Physiologically Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Precipitation Rate ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Northern City ◽  
The Olympic Games

Weather and climate conditions can be decisive regarding travel plans or outdoor events, especially for sport events. The Olympic Games 2020, postponed to 2021, will take place in Tokyo at a time which is considered to be the hottest and most humid time of the year. However, a part of the athletic competitions is relocated to the northern city Sapporo. Therefore, it is important to quantify thermal comfort for different occasions and destinations and make the results accessible to visitors and sport attendees. The following analysis will quantify and compare thermal comfort and heat stress between Sapporo and Tokyo using thermal indices like the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature and the modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET and mPET). The results reveal different precipitation patterns for the cities. While a higher precipitation rate appears in Sapporo during winter, the precipitation rate is higher in Tokyo during summer. PET and mPET exhibit a greater probability of heat stress conditions in Tokyo during the Olympic Games, whereas Sapporo has more moderate values for the same period. The Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme (CTIS) integrates and simplifies climate information and makes them comprehensible for non-specialists. The CTIS of Tokyo illustrates lower suitable conditions for “Heat stress”, “Sunny days” and “Sultriness”. Transferring parts of the athletics competition to a northern city is thus more convenient for athletes, staff members and spectators. Hence, heat stress can be avoided and an acceptable outdoor stay is ensured. Overall, this quantification and comparison of the thermal conditions in Sapporo and Tokyo reveal limitations but also possibilities for the organizers of the Olympic Games. Furthermore it can be used to raise awareness for promoting or arranging countermeasures and heat mitigation at specific events and destinations, if necessary.

scholarly journals Concepts and New Implements for Modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Chang Chen ◽  
Wei-Nai Chen ◽  
Charles Chou ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Climate ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Physiologically Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Thermal Perception ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Clothing Insulation ◽  
Thermal Risk

Different kinds of thermal indices have been applied in several decades as essential tools to investigate thermal perception, environmentally thermal conditions, occupant thermal risk, public health, tourist attractiveness, and urban climate. Physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) has been proved as a relatively wide applicable thermal indicator above other thermal indices. However, the current practical PET performs a slight variation influenced by changing the humidity and clothing insulation. The improvement of the PET has potentiality for further multi-application as a general and consistent standard to estimate thermal perception and tolerance for different studies. To achieve the above purpose, modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) is proposed as an appropriate indicator according to the new structure and requirements of the thermally environmental ergonomics. The modifications to formulate the mPET are considerably interpreted in the principle of the heat transfer inside body, thermo-physiological model, clothing model, and human-environmental interaction in this study. Specifically, the mPET-model has adopted a semi-steady-state approach to calculate an equivalent temperature refer to an indoor condition as the mPET. Finally, the sensitivity test of the biometeorological variables and clothing impact proves that the mPET has better performance on the humidity and clothing insulation than the original PET.

scholarly journals Effects of Landscape Design on Urban Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in Tropical Climate

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yang ◽  
Yaolin Lin ◽  
Chun-Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Urban Microclimate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Pavement Materials

A climate-responsive landscape design can create a more livable urban microclimate with adequate human comfortability. This paper aims to quantitatively investigate the effects of landscape design elements of pavement materials, greenery, and water bodies on urban microclimate and thermal comfort in a high-rise residential area in the tropic climate of Singapore. A comprehensive field measurement is undertaken to obtain real data on microclimate parameters for calibration of the microclimate-modeling software ENVI-met 4.0. With the calibrated ENVI-met, seven urban landscape scenarios are simulated and their effects on thermal comfort as measured by physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) are evaluated. It is found that the maximum improvement of PET reduction with suggested landscape designs is about 12°C, and high-albedo pavement materials and water bodies are not effective in reducing heat stress in hot and humid climate conditions. The combination of shade trees over grass is the most effective landscape strategy for cooling the microclimate. The findings from the paper can equip urban designers with knowledge and techniques to mitigate urban heat stress.

Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Daneshvar ◽  
Ali Bagherzadeh ◽  
Taghi Tavousi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Physiologically Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Bioclimatic Comfort ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Rayman Model

AbstractIn this study thermal comfort conditions are analyzed to determine possible thermal perceptions during different months in Iran through the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). The monthly PET values produced using the RayMan Model ranged from −7.6°C to 46.8°C. Over the winter months the thermal comfort condition (18–23°C) were concentrated in southern coastal areas along the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Most of the country experienced comfort conditions during the spring months, in particular in April, while during the summer months of July and August no thermal comfort conditions were observed. In November coastal areas of the Caspian Sea had the same physiological stress level of thermal comfort as April. The map produced showing mean annual PET conditions demonstrated the greatest spatial distribution of comfortable levels in the elevation range from 1000 to 2000 meter a.s.l., with annual temperatures of 12–20°C and annual precipitation of under 200 mm. The statistical relationship between PET conditions and each controlling parameter revealed a significant correlation in areas above 2000 meter, annual temperature over 20°C and annual precipitation of 200–400 mm with a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.91, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively.

scholarly journals Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows—Part 1: Establishment of the Prediction Model for the Equivalent Temperature Index of the Sows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Mengbing Cao ◽  
Chao Zong ◽  
Xiaoshuai Wang ◽  
Guanghui Teng ◽  
Yanrong Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Thermal Index ◽  
Temperature Index

Heat stress affects the estrus time and conception rate of sows. Compared with other life stages of pigs, sows are more susceptible to heat stress because of their increased heat production. Various indicators can be found in the literature assessing the level of heat stress in pigs. However, none of them is specific to assess the sows’ thermal condition. Moreover, thermal indices are mainly developed by considering partial environment parameters, and there is no interaction between the index and the animal’s physiological response. Therefore, this study aims to develop a thermal index specified for sows, called equivalent temperature index for sows (ETIS), which includes parameters of air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Based on the heat transfer characteristics of sows, multiple regression analysis is used to combine air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. Environmental data are used as independent variables, and physiological parameters are used as dependent variables. In 1029 sets of data, 70% of the data is used as the training set, and 30% of the data is used as the test set to create and develop a new thermal index. According to the correlation equation between ETIS and temperature-humidity index (THI), combined with the threshold of THI, ETIS was divided into thresholds. The results show that the ETIS heat stress threshold is classified as follows: suitable temperature ETIS < 33.1 °C, mild temperature 33.1 °C ≤ ETIS < 34.5 °C, moderate stress temperature 34.5 °C ≤ ETIS < 35.9 °C, and severe temperature ETIS ≥ 35.9 °C. The ETIS model can predict the sows’ physiological response in a good manner. The correlation coefficients R of skin temperature was 0.82. Compared to early developed thermal indices, ETIS has the best predictive effect on skin temperature. This index could be a useful tool for assessing the thermal environment to ensure thermal comfort for sows.

scholarly journals Modeling of Heat Stress in Sows Part 2: Comparison of Various Thermal Comfort Indices

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1498
Author(s):  
Mengbing Cao ◽  
Chao Zong ◽  
Yanrong Zhuang ◽  
Guanghui Teng ◽  
Shengnan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Thermal Index ◽  
Heat Indices

Heat stress has an adverse effect on the production performance of sows, and causes a large economic loss every year. The thermal environment index is an important indicator for evaluating the level of heat stress in animals. Many thermal indices have been used to analyze the environment of the pig house, including temperature and humidity index (THI), effective temperature (ET), equivalent temperature index of sows (ETIS), and enthalpy (H), among others. Different heat indices have different characteristics, and it is necessary to analyze and compare the characteristics of heat indices to select a relatively suitable heat index for specific application. This article reviews the thermal environment indices used in the process of sow breeding, and compares various heat indices in four ways: (1) Holding the value of the thermal index constant and analyzing the equivalent temperature changes caused by the relative humidity. (2) Analyzing the variations of ET and ETIS caused by changes in air velocity. (3) Conducting a comparative analysis of a variety of isothermal lines fitted to the psychrometric chart. (4) Analyzing the distributions of various heat index values inside the sow barn and the correlation between various heat indices and sow heat dissipation with the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The results show that the ETIS performs better than other thermal indices in the analysis of sows’ thermal environment, followed by THI2, THI4, and THI7. Different pigs have different heat transfer characteristics and different adaptability to the environment. Therefore, based on the above results, the following suggestions have been given: The thermal index thresholds need to be divided based on the adaptability of pigs to the environment at different growth stages and the different climates in different regions. An appropriate threshold for a thermal index can provide a theoretical basis for the environmental control of the pig house.

scholarly journals Visualization of Climate Factors for Sports Events and Activities–The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Matzarakis ◽  
Dominik Fröhlich ◽  
Stéphane Bermon ◽  
Paolo Adami
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Climate Information ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Scheduled Time

Detailed climate information in an easily interpretable form is demanded by the general public, as well as by decision-makers on different planning levels. One example is the group of planners in the field of sports and tourism. A promising approach is the visualization of climate thresholds in a Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information Scheme (CTIS) for the prevailing local climate conditions. The presented approach is adaptable to specific destinations and target activities and integrates meteorological, as well as recreational, touristic and specific activity-related parameters and thresholds. All parameters are simplified in terms of factors and combined in one individual graph, the CTIS diagram. The detailed information on local climate can be applied by non-experts like tourists intending to attend a sports event. They are able to prepare for different aspects of the local climate by, e.g., selecting appropriate clothing when planning their stay. The example of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games is presented and discussed. Results show that heat stress together with sultriness is likely to occur during the scheduled time of the Olympics, while cold stress will most probably not be relevant.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Thermal Indices as the Indicators of Heat Stress in Dairy Cows in a Temperate Climate

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2459
Author(s):  
Geqi Yan ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Zhengxiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Temperature Index

Many thermal indices (TIs) have been developed to quantify the severity of heat stress in dairy cows. Systematic evaluation of the representative TIs is still lacking, which may cause potential misapplication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the theoretical and actual performance of the TIs in a temperate climate. The data were collected in freestall barns at a commercial dairy farm. The heat transfer characteristics of the TIs were examined by equivalent air temperature change (ΔTeq). One-way ANOVA and correlation were used to test the relationships between the TIs and the animal-based indicators (i.e., rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), skin temperature (ST), and eye temperature (ET)). Results showed that the warming effect of the increased relative humidity and the chilling effect of the increased wind speed was the most reflected by the equivalent temperature index (ETI) and the comprehensive climate index (CCI), respectively. Only the equivalent temperature index for cows (ETIC) reflected that warming effect of solar radiation could obviously increase with increasing Ta. The THI and ETIC showed expected relationships with the RT and RR, whereas the CCI and ETIC showed expected relationships with the ST and ET. Moreover, CCI showed a higher correlation with RT (r = 0.672, p < 0.01), ST(r = 0.845, p < 0.01), and ET (r = 0.617, p < 0.01) than other TIs (p < 0.0001). ETIC showed the highest correlation with RR (r = 0.850, p < 0.01). These findings demonstrated that the CCI could be the most promising thermal index to assess heat stress for housed dairy cows. Future research is still needed to develop new TIs tp precisely assess the microclimates in cow buildings.

scholarly journals Human Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress in an Outdoor Urban Arid Environment: A Case Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Abdel-Ghany ◽  
I. M. Al-Helal ◽  
M. R. Shady
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Software Model ◽  
Globe Temperature

To protect humans from heat stress risks, thermal comfort and heat stress potential were evaluated under arid environment, which had never been made for such climate. The thermal indices THI, WBGT, PET, and UTCI were used to evaluate thermal comfort and heat stress. RayMan software model was used to estimate the PET, and the UTCI calculator was used for UTCI. Dry and wet bulb temperatures (Td,Tw), natural wet bulb temperature (Tnw), and globe temperature (Tg) were measured in a summer day to be used in the calculation. The results showed the following. (i) The thermal sensation and heat stress levels can be evaluated by either the PET or UTCI scales, and both are valid for extremely high temperature in the arid environment. (ii) In the comfort zone, around 75% of individuals would be satisfied with the surrounding environment and feel comfortable during the whole day. (iii) Persons are exposed to strong heat stress and would feel uncomfortable most of the daytime in summer. (iv) Heat fatigue is expected with prolonged exposure to sun light and activity. (v) During the daytime, humans should schedule their activities according to the highest permissible values of the WBGT to avoid thermal shock.

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