scholarly journals Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality: The Early Years (1940s–1950s)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1354
Author(s):  
S. Kent Hoekman ◽  
J. Steve Welstand
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
Considerable Work

During the 1940s, an unusual form of air pollution was experienced in the Los Angeles (LA) area of Southern California. Referred to as LA smog, this pollution differed from previously known air pollution with respect to its temporal patterns (daytime formation and nighttime dissipation), eye irritation, high oxidant levels, and plant damage. Early laboratory and field experimentation discovered the photochemical origins of LA smog. Though mechanistic understanding was incomplete, it was determined that hydrocarbon (HC) compounds in the atmosphere participate in smog formation, enabling build-up of higher ozone concentrations than would otherwise occur. It being a significant source, there was great interest in characterizing and controlling HC emissions from motor vehicles. Considerable work was done in the 1940s and 1950s to understand how emissions varied with vehicle operating conditions and deterioration of engine components. During this time, procedures were developed (and improved) to sample and quantify vehicle emissions. Besides exhaust, HC emissions from crankcase blowby, carburetor evaporation, and fuel tank losses were measured and characterized. Initial versions of both catalytic and non-catalytic exhaust after-treatment systems were developed. The knowledge gained from this pre-1960 work laid the foundation for many advancements that reduced vehicle emissions and improved air quality during subsequent decades.

scholarly journals Vehicle Emissions Tax: An Opportunity to Control Air Pollution

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 10002
Author(s):  
Puji Astuti Ninik ◽  
Maryono Maryono
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Emissions Tax

This paper discusses about the condition of air quality in Indonesia and the opportunity to control air pollution using vehicle emissions tax. It is described descriptively based on literature, legal regulations, and prior researches. Transportation grow rapidly due to population growth. It is because transportation is very important for mobility and supports economic. Motor vehicles as a mean of transportation are known to cause air pollution due to their emissions. Pollutants in emissions are risk factors for several diseases, including acute respiratory infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Air quality in Indonesia, namely “indeks kualitas udara (IKU)” is still in good condition. However, there are provinces that have “moderate” IKU value and even “very less”. A variety of ways are being done to control air pollution from the transportation sector. Unfortunately, in Indonesia still has not touched the economic side. Environmental economic instruments need to be developed to address this. Basically, the regulations has provided the opportunity for the implementation, such as Law Number 32 Year 2009, Law Number 28 Year 2009, and Government Regulation Number 46 Year 2017. Therefore, the study of vehicle emission tax that internalizes economic losses due to air pollution for public health needs to be done. This kind of study is expected to be an input for policymakers on air pollution control.

scholarly journals Quantifying Air Pollutant Variations during COVID-19 Lockdown in a Capital City in Northwest China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Rong Feng ◽  
Hongmei Xu ◽  
Zexuan Wang ◽  
Yunxuan Gu ◽  
Zhe Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle Emissions

In the context of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), strict lockdown policies were implemented to control nonessential human activities in Xi’an, northwest China, which greatly limited the spread of the pandemic and affected air quality. Compared with pre-lockdown, the air quality index and concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO during the lockdown reduced, but the reductions were not very significant. NO2 levels exhibited the largest decrease (52%) during lockdown, owing to the remarkable decreased motor vehicle emissions. The highest K+ and lowest Ca2+ concentrations in PM2.5 samples could be attributed to the increase in household biomass fuel consumption in suburbs and rural areas around Xi’an and the decrease in human physical activities in Xi’an (e.g., human travel, vehicle emissions, construction activities), respectively, during the lockdown period. Secondary chemical reactions in the atmosphere increased in the lockdown period, as evidenced by the increased O3 level (increased by 160%) and OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 (increased by 26%), compared with pre-lockdown levels. The results, based on a natural experiment in this study, can be used as a reference for studying the formation and source of air pollution in Xi’an and provide evidence for establishing future long-term air pollution control policies.

scholarly journals A review on Assessment of Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emission in Traffic Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneri A. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring

In Indian metropolitan cities, the extensive growth of the motor vehicles has resulted in the deterioration of environmental quality and human health. The concentrations of pollutants at major traffic areas are exceeding the permissible limits. Public are facing severe respiratory diseases and other deadly cardio-vascular diseases In India. Immediate needs for vehicular air pollution monitoring and control strategies for urban cities are necessary. Vehicular emission is the main source of deteriorating the ambient air quality of major Indian cities due to rapid urbanization. Total vehicular population is increased to 15 Lacks as per recorded data of Regional Transport Organization (RTO) till 2014-2015. This study is focused on the assessment of major air pollution parameters responsible for the air pollution due to vehicular emission. The major air pollutants responsible for air pollution due to vehicular emissions are PM10, PM2.5, Sox, Nox, HC, CO2 and CO and Other meterological parameters like Ambient temperature, Humidity, Wind direction and Wind Speed. Sampling and analysis of parameters is carried out according to National Ambient Air Quality Standards Guidelines (NAAQS) (2009) and IS 5128.

scholarly journals Fine-Grained Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Impact of Restricting Factories, Motor Vehicles, and Fireworks on Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4828
Author(s):  
Mei Yang ◽  
Hong Fan ◽  
Kang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Aiming at improving the air quality and protecting public health, policies such as restricting factories, motor vehicles, and fireworks have been widely implemented. However, fine-grained spatiotemporal analysis of these policies’ effectiveness is lacking. This paper collected the hourly meteorological and PM2.5 data for three typical emission scenarios in Hubei, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Then, this study simulated the PM2.5 concentration under the same meteorological conditions and different emission scenarios based on a reliable hourly spatiotemporal random forest model ( R 2 exceeded 0.84). Finally, we investigated the fine-grained spatiotemporal impact of restricting factories, vehicles, and fireworks on PM2.5 concentrations from the perspective of hours, days, regions, and land uses, excluding meteorological interference. On average, restricting factories and vehicles reduced the PM2.5 concentration at 02:00, 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 by 18.57, 16.22, 25.00, and 19.07 μ g / m 3 , respectively. Spatially, it had the highest and quickest impact on Hubei, with a 27.05 μ g / m 3 decrease of PM2.5 concentration and 17 day lag to begin to show significant decline. This was followed by YRD, which experienced a 23.52 μ g / m 3 decrease on average and a 23 day lag. BTH was the least susceptible; the PM2.5 concentration decreased by only 8.2 μ g / m 3 . In addition, influenced by intensive human activities, the cultivated, urban, and rural lands experienced a larger decrease in PM2.5 concentration. These empirical results revealed that restricting factories, vehicles, and fireworks is effective in alleviating air pollution and the effect showed significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The policymakers should further investigate influential factors of hourly PM2.5 concentrations, combining with local geographical and social environment, and implement more effective and targeted policies to improve local air quality, especially for BTH and the air quality at morning and night.

Dealing with air pollution in Latin America: the case of Quito, Ecuador

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE JURADO ◽  
DOUGLAS SOUTHGATE
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Medical Expenditures ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Manufacturing Plants ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
Primary Focus

Located in a high Andean valley, Ecuador's capital city suffers from severe air pollution, emitted by manufacturing plants as well as motor vehicles. Improving air quality would result in diminished respiratory illness, which currently costs Quito's residents several millions of dollars annually in lost earnings and medical expenditures. Technology transfer has succeeded in reducing industrial emissions at a modest cost. But diesel-fueled trucks and buses, which are a major source of various pollutants, have been the primary focus of the local government's strategy for air quality improvement. To date, that strategy has met with some success, although future initiatives will involve higher abatement expenses and therefore will test the commitment of municipal authorities and the citizens they represent to pollution control.

scholarly journals Urbanization and Air Pollution: Then and Now

Eos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Parrish ◽  
William R. Stockwell
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Los Angeles

Analysis of decades of mitigation efforts in Los Angeles demonstrates that air quality in megacities can be greatly improved.

scholarly journals Two Cheers for Air Pollution Control: Triumphs and Limits of the Mid-Century Fight for Air Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlin Chowkwanyun
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Local Experience ◽  
The Us ◽  
Clean Air

This article analyzes the early years of 20th-century air pollution control in Los Angeles. In both scholarship and public memory, mid-century efforts at the regional level were overshadowed by major federal developments, namely the Clean Air Act and creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. Yet the mid-century local experience was highly consequential and presaged many subsequent challenges that persist today. The article begins with an exploration of the existential, on-the-ground misery of smog in Los Angeles during the 1940s and 1950s. The article examines the role that scientific evidence on smog did and did not play in regulation, the reasons smog control galvanized support across various constituencies in the region, and, finally, some of mid-century air pollution’s limits.

Monitoring and Detection of Vehicle Emissions on Steady State Mode using Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Selvakumar ◽  
N. Sasikumar ◽  
P. Prudhiv ◽  
S. Jagadeesh Babu ◽  
V. Rakesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Steady State Mode ◽  
Sensor Reading

This project is to develop a compact system to identify and display pollutants in a vehicle. The level of emissions can be monitored and inspected by this system. Database of each vehicle emissions test can be recorded and the report can be obtained to create an awareness to the drivers and owners about the pollution caused by the vehicle. An IoT (Internet of Things) based air pollution observing framework incorporated a MQ series sensor interfaced to a node MCU set with an ESP8266 WLAN connector to send the sensor reading to an Ubidots cloud. This outline is used for noticing pollutions in demeanour of specific territory and to get the air peculiarity or property examination. The obligated framework will focus on checking the air pollutants concentration with the help of a mixture of internet of things with wireless sensor systems. The investigation of emissions should be possible by figuring out the air quality index (AQI).

scholarly journals A chronology of global air quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2183) ◽  
pp. 20190314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fowler ◽  
Peter Brimblecombe ◽  
John Burrows ◽  
Mathew R. Heal ◽  
Peringe Grennfelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Secondary Pollutants ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Global Emissions

Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates, ca 400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO 2 and NO x ) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO 2 and NO x peaked, respectively, in ca 1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Air quality, past present and future’.

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