scholarly journals Improving Grain Yield via Promotion of Kernel Weight in High Yielding Winter Wheat Genotypes

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Bangyou Zheng ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Improving plant net photosynthetic rates and accelerating water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation play an important role in increasing the carbon sources for yield formation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Understanding and quantify the contribution of these traits to grain yield can provide a pathway towards increasing the yield potential of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify kernel weight gap for improving grain yield in 15 winter wheat genotypes grown in Shandong Province, China. A cluster analysis was conducted to classify the 15 wheat genotypes into high yielding (HY) and low yielding (LY) groups based on their performance in grain yield, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, kernels per square meter, and spikes per square meter from two years of field testing. While the grain yield was significantly higher in the HY group, its thousand kernel weight (TKW) was 8.8% lower than that of the LY group (p < 0.05). A structural equation model revealed that 83% of the total variation in grain yield for the HY group could be mainly explained by TKW, the flag leaf photosynthesis rate at the grain filling stage (Pn75), and flag leaf water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) at grain filling stage. Their effect values on yield were 0.579, 0.759, and 0.444, respectively. Our results suggest that increase of flag leaf photosynthesis and WSC could improve the TKW, and thus benefit for developing high yielding wheat cultivars.

Drought Stress Induces Changes in the Non-Structural Carbohydrate Composition of Wheat Stems

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Virgona ◽  
EWR Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The effect of drought stress on the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) composition and water relations of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem has been investigated. Five separate parts of the stem were sampled: the unsheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1a), the sheathed portion of the peduncle (Stem 1b), the penultimate internode (Stem 2), the lower internodes (Stem 3+4) and the flag-leaf-pulvinus (pulvinus). The NSC was analysed as two fractions, an ethanol-soluble carbohydrate (ESC) fraction containing mono- and di-saccharides and some low molecular weight oligosaccharides, and a water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction containing mostly fructans and some high molecular weight oligosaccharides. In Stems 1b, 2 and 3 +4, the imposition of drought midway through grain filling resulted in a shift in soluble carbohydrate from the WSC to the ESC fraction indicating hydrolysis of fructans. In Stem 2 on day 29 of grain filling, the WSC/ESC ratio was 7.6 � 1.5 in well watered plants in contrast to 0.5 � 0.1 in droughted plants on day 30, even though NSC concentration did not differ. The NSC content of Stem la and the pulvinus increased threefold under drought, although levels were significantly lower than in the rest of the stem. The WSC/ESC ratio in these tissues was low com- pared to the rest of the stem but still declined noticeably under drought stress. Turgor (P) was fully maintained in Stem 2 and the pulvinus of droughted plants. Under drought, P in the pulvinus was maintained at higher levels (1.9-2.4 MPa) than in Stem 2 (0.8-1.2 MPa).

scholarly journals Diurnal Changes in Water Soluble Carbohydrate Components in Leaves and Sucrose Associated TaSUT1 Gene Expression during Grain Development in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8276
Author(s):  
Sarah Al-Sheikh Ahmed ◽  
Jingjuan Zhang ◽  
Hussein Farhan ◽  
Yingquan Zhang ◽  
Zitong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Flag Leaves ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

In plant tissues, sugar levels are determined by the balance between sugar import, export, and sugar synthesis. So far, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) dynamics have not been investigated in a diurnal context in wheat stems as compared to the dynamics in flag leaves during the terminal phases of grain filling. Here, we filled this research gap and tested the hypothesis that WSC dynamics interlink with gene expression of TaSUT1. The main stems and flag leaves of two genotypes, Westonia and Kauz, were sampled at four hourly intervals over a 24 h period at six developmental stages from heading to 28 DAA (days after anthesis). The total levels of WSC and WSC components were measured, and TaSUT1 gene expression was quantified at 21 DAA. On average, the total WSC and fructan levels in the stems were double those in the flag leaves. In both cultivars, diurnal patterns in the total WSC and sucrose were detected in leaves across all developmental stages, but not for the fructans 6-kestose and bifurcose. However, in stems, diurnal patterns of the total WSC and fructan were only found at anthesis in Kauz. The different levels of WSC and WSC components between Westonia and Kauz are likely associated with leaf chlorophyll levels and fructan degradation, especially 6-kestose degradation. High correlation between levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in leaves indicated that TaSUT1 expression is likely to be influenced by the level of sucrose in leaves, and the combination of high levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in Kauz may contribute to its high grain yield under well-watered conditions.

Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari A. Ruuska ◽  
Greg J. Rebetzke ◽  
Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Neil A. Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

scholarly journals Inheritance Pattern of Earliness and Yield Related-Traits in Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
A. Elakhdar ◽  
T. Kumamaru ◽  
M. Abd El-Aty ◽  
Kh. Amer ◽  
I. Eldegwy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
Grain Filling Rate

To understand the genetic patterns of the physio-morphological traits for barley grain yield, six-generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) were used to determine the type of gene action in the four barley crosses. Grain yield showed a strong positive association (r = 0.83 and 1) with Grain Filling Rate in Giza121/RIL1 and Giza126/RIL2 crosses, respectively. The relationship between yield and earliness was not consistent with crosses and positive (r) values were quite low. It should be possible to select early-maturing and high-yielding segregates with high 100- kernel weight. The results indicated that the dominance effect [dd] was more important and greater than the additive effect [aa] and [ad] for most traits. Positive heterosis over the mid- and better- parent was quite similar for the most traits, except for heading and maturity dates, that showed negative heterotic effects. The inbreeding depression was high significant and positive for Grain Filling Rate, chlorophyll contents, Flag Leaf area and 100- kernel weight. On the other hand, it was a negatively significant for the earliness trait (HD, MD, and GFP). The lack of uniformity for estimates of inbreeding depression can be explained by environmental variation and to its influence on the type of gene action. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 13.3% for Grain Filling Period in Giza12/RIL1 to 66.6% for heading dates in Giza121/RIL2 crosses. Genetic advance estimates were low due to lack of additive variance. The crosses Giza121/RIL1 and Giza126/RIL2 would be of interest in a breeding program, for improving characteristics of earliness, yield, and its components.

Effect of spraytopping applications of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value and regeneration of vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Leys ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
B Plater
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Subsequent Regeneration ◽  
Earlier Application

The effects of paraquat and glyphosate on the nutritive value of dry residues of vulpia [Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray], and its subsequent regeneration the following year were examined at Wagga Wagga during the spring, summer and winter of 1986/87 and 1987/88. Paraquat (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) and glyphosate (135 and 270 g a.i./ha) were applied as spraytopping treatments at heading, anthesis and early grain filling stages of vulpia. For both herbicides, time of application was critical to the level of regeneration obtained. Glyphosate gave 84 and 83% control when applied at heading and anthesis respectively, delaying application until early grain filling reduced the level of vulpia control to 28%. Paraquat gave 81% control when applied at anthesis, while delaying application until early grain filling, or earlier application at heading, gave 59% control. Crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations, and in vitro organic matter digestibilities (OMD) were measured in vulpia residues collected for 16 weeks after herbicide application. Paraquat increased CP levels most when applied at heading (from 4-8 to 7.2% in 1986, and from 4.9 to 6.5% in 1987). Glyphosate increased CP levels most when applied at heading in 1986 (from 4.8 to 5.4%), but at anthesis in 1987 (from 4.9 to 6.5%). Glyphosate increased WSC most when applied at heading (from 5.7 to 10.6% in 1986, and from 3.5 to 6.3% in 19871, while paraquat reduced WSC in both years. Application of glyphosate at heading was the only treatment to increase OMD (from 50.5 to 54.7%).

Uniculm and conventional tillering barley accessions under northern growing conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MÄKELÄ ◽  
S. MUURINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYAt high northern latitudes, growing seasons are short with long days. In these conditions, tillering is an unwanted trait in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), because the grains on tillers develop later than those on the main stem and are often harvested before they are fully mature, leading to reductions in overall quality. Hence, the uniculm growth habit has been considered an interesting option for boreal barley production. The aim of the present study was to determine the differences in the yield formation of conventional tillering and uniculm barley, using two pairs of near-isogenic lines and two controls. Uniculm and conventional tillering barley were grown in three experiments conducted at Suitia Experimental Farm, University Helsinki, Finland during 1999–2001. Samples were collected frequently to monitor the biomass and leaf area accumulation. Water-soluble carbohydrate content was analysed at anthesis and at maturity in different plant parts. At maturity, the numbers of spikes/plant and grains/spike were calculated and grain yield weighed. The grain yield of the uniculm barleys was stable over these growing seasons, but it was only half that of the conventional barley cultivars due to the absence of spike-bearing tillers, lower spike grain number and spike weight. In addition, the ability to transport photosynthesized carbohydrates to grains may have been reduced. Thus, it seems that uniculm barleys do not provide further improvement in barley yield.

Awnedness affects grain yield and kernel weight in near-isogenic lines of durum wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosella Motzo ◽  
Francesco Giunta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Severe Drought

The importance of awns in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) has to be evaluated whenever an increase in grain yield is expected due to a greater photosynthetic capacity of the awned ear. Awned and awnless isolines of durum wheat were compared in a 3-year field trial in Sardinia (Italy). Ear and flag-leaf size, radiation interception, canopy temperature, yield, and yield components were measured.Awns increased the ear surface area from 36 to 59%, depending on their length, which ranged from 5.5 to 13.8 cm. This resulted in an average 4% more radiation intercepted by the awned ears. Canopy temperature was 0.9�C lower, on average, in the awned isolines, and was negatively correlated with kernel weight (r = –0.85**, n = 10), although consistent and marked effects of awns on canopy temperature were only observed in the long-awned lines. Awns positively affected grain yield, with an average increase of 10 and 16%, respectively, in the 2 years in which they affected kernel weight. The irrelevant effect of awns on yield in the year characterised by a severe drought was a consequence of their early desiccation.The effects of awns on grain yield and kernel weight strongly depend on the genetic background, on awn length and functionality, and on the environmental conditions during grain filling.

scholarly journals Assessment of Morpho-Physiological, Yield and Yield Attributing Traits Related to Post Anthesis Drought in Wheat Genotypes Under Rainfed Condition in Rampur, Chitwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-335
Author(s):  
A. Ojha ◽  
B.R. Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Genotypic Effect ◽  
Rainfed Condition ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Genotypic Effects

A set of twenty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was evaluated to assess morpho-physiological, yield and yield attributing traits related to post-anthesis drought in wheat genotypes under rainfed condition in a Randomized completely block design with three replications at research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Rampur, Chitwan, during winter season of 2016/2017. The result revealed highly significant genotypic effects for number of tillers per m2 area, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, weight of grains per spike, 1000 kernels weight, days to booting, days to heading, days to anthesis, days to flag leaf senescence, days to maturity, SPAD meter reading, peduncle length, grain filling duration and reproductive growth period. Significant genotypic effects were found for grain yield, biological yield and harvest index and an array of variation was found among the genotypes for each trait. But non-significant genotypic effect was found for canopy temperature depression. WK2373 gave highest grain yield kg/ha (3035 kg/ha) and biomass yield kg/ha (8080 kg/ha). This study presented WK2373, WK2379, WK2380, WK2386, WK2388, WK2383, WK 2378 and WK1481 the best genotypes governing different valuable traits. These potential genotypes for valuable traits found in different clusters. Crossing genotypes belonging to different clusters could maximize the opportunities for transgressive segregation as there is a higher probability that unrelated genotypes would contribute unique desirable alleles at different loci.  Therefore, this study can help breeders to increase genetic diversity by selecting materials of divergent parentage for crosses, thereby reducing vulnerability to diseases and climate changes.  Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(3): 323-335

Assimilate Supply and Floret Development Within the Spike of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
YM Stockman ◽  
RA Fischer ◽  
EG Brittain
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The effect of increased as well as reduced assimilate on floret growth and development in wheat (cv. Yecora) was investigated in a controlled environment. Plants from which all tillers were removed were grown at 21/10°C with a 14 h photoperiod. At flag leaf emergence, an additional light (15% above control) and two shading treatments (40 and 70% below control) were applied to the plants for an 8-day period, ending 6 days before anthesis. The additional light and the 70% shade treatments had significant effects (+37%, -43% respectively), on the number of competent florets (as judged by anther appearance at anthesis) and subsequently similar effects on the number of kernels per spike at maturity. The changes in competent floret numbers were closely related to changes in spike dry weight at anthesis and in turn, during the treatment period. The heavy shading decreased grain yield significantly. Within the spike, treatment effects on floret and kernel number were greater in basal spikelets than in distal and especially central spikelets, in both an absolute as well as relative sense. These effects were paralleled by greater changes in basal spikelet dry weight and water-soluble carbohydrate concentration. They may be related to the smaller size or later development of basal spikelets at the onset of treatment, and suggest that the base of the spike is normally a lower priority sink for assimilate at that time.

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